TABLE 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Characteristic | Culture Negative (n = 4,432) | Antibiotic Susceptible (n = 1,940) | Potentially Antibiotic Resistant (n = 2,991) | Viral (n = 261) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 58.7 ± 33.5 | 56.0 ± 17.0a | 57.7 ± 17.9b | 57.0 ± 16.9 |
| Male sex | 55.1 | 63.7a | 61.5a | 51.0b,c |
| Black | 30.4 | 28.9 | 24.1a,b | 23.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 [22.8, 32.4] | 26.6 [22.6, 31.7] | 26.5 [21.6, 32.3] | 26.2 [22.3, 32.0] |
| Length of stay, d | 14.5 ± 16.1 | 17.9 ± 18.8 | 26.5 ± 1.8a,b | 21.1 ± 19.0a,b,c |
| Mechanical ventilation | 21.8 | 31.0a | 32.5a | 40.6a,b,c |
| Charlson comorbidity score | 4.0 [2.0, 6.0] | 3.0 [1.0, 5.0]a | 3.0 [1.0, 6.0]a | 4.0 [2.0, 6.0]b |
| Congestive heart failure | 20.4 | 14.8a | 18.1b | 17.2 |
| Myocardial infarction | 9.7 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 7.3 |
| COPD | 31.2 | 27.2a | 30.7 | 31.4 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21.3 | 18.4a | 21.3 | 19.5 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 13.9 | 9.0a | 12.7b | 16.5b |
| Underlying malignancy | 10.2 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 7.3 |
| Leukemia | 8.5 | 3.2a | 4.5a | 13.8a,b,c |
| HIV | 2.8 | 1.0a | 0.7a | 1.9 |
| Cirrhosis | 8.8 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 8.4 |
| Pneumonia on admission | 49.8 | 56.7a | 25.7a,b | 36.0a,b,c |
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia | 44.0 | 34.1a | 55.5a,b | 49.0b |
| VAP | 6.2 | 9.2a | 18.8a,b | 14.9a,b |
| 90-d readmissiond | 5.8 | 6.6 | 11.4a,b | 8.3 |
| Hospital mortality | 17.8 | 19.3 | 31.0a,b | 24.9a, b, c |
Values expressed as mean ± SD, median [25th percentile, 75th percentile], or %. VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia.
a
P < .05 compared with culture-negative group.
b
P < .05 compared with antibiotic-susceptible group.
c
P < .05 compared with potentially antibiotic-resistant group.
d
90-d readmission assessed only for hospital survivors: culture negative (n = 3,644); antibiotic susceptible (n = 1,566); potentially antibiotic resistant (n = 2,247); viral (n = 180).