Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients aged 18 or older.
| Overall | Males | Females | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N= 951,533) | (n= 405,366) | (n= 546,167) | p-value | ||
| Column % | n | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 405,366 | 42.6 (0.05) | ----- | ----- | |
| Female | 546,167 | 57.4 (0.05) | ----- | ----- | |
| Age in years on Jan. 1, 2013 | |||||
| 18–25 | 118,044 | 12.4 (0.03) | 11.2 (0.05) | 13.3 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| 26–34 | 135,524 | 14.2 (0.04) | 13.2 (0.05) | 15.0 (0.05) | |
| 35–49 | 235,999 | 24.8 (0.04) | 25.0 (0.07) | 24.6 (0.06) | |
| 50–64 | 260,808 | 27.4 (0.05) | 28.7 (0.07) | 26.4 (0.06) | |
| 65+ | 201,158 | 21.1 (0.04) | 21.8 (0.06) | 20.6 (0.05) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 626,983 | 65.9 (0.05) | 67.9 (0.07) | 64.4 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 226,556 | 23.8 (0.04) | 21.8 (0.06) | 25.3 (0.06) | |
| Hispanic | 38,895 | 4.09 (0.02) | 4.14 (0.03) | 4.05 (0.03) | |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 59,099 | 6.21 (0.02) | 6.13 (0.04) | 6.27 (0.03) | |
| SUD diagnoses | |||||
| Tobacco | 85,406 | 8.98 (0.03) | 11.0 (0.05) | 7.46 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol | 19,195 | 2.02 (0.01) | 3.25 (0.03) | 1.10 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Cannabis | 6,978 | 0.73 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Opioid | 12,142 | 1.28 (0.01) | 1.34 (0.02) | 1.23 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Cocaine/amphetamine | 6,185 | 0.65 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.02) | 0.42 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic | 1,544 | 0.16 (0.00) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.15 (0.01) | 0.04 |
| Other druga | 7,266 | 0.76 (0.01) | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.61 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Mental health disorder diagnoses | |||||
| Depressive disorder | 107,762 | 11.3 (0.03) | 8.46 (0.04) | 13.4 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Bipolar disorder | 11,728 | 1.23 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.02) | 1.40 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Mood disorder (any) | 117,546 | 12.4 (0.03) | 9.36 (0.05) | 14.6 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 131,654 | 13.8 (0.04) | 10.6 (0.05) | 16.3 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Psychotic disorder | 10,014 | 1.05 (0.01) | 1.20 (0.02) | 0.94 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Sleep disorder | 128,970 | 13.6 (0.04) | 14.7 (0.06) | 12.7 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Otherb | 45,693 | 4.80 (0.02) | 4.13 (0.03) | 5.30 (0.03) | <0.0001 |
| Any | 268,064 | 28.2 (0.05) | 26.1 (0.07) | 29.7 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic medical conditions | |||||
| Diabetes, type 1 or 2 | 128,291 | 13.5 (0.04) | 15.3 (0.06) | 12.2 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| Asthma | 67,371 | 7.08 (0.03) | 5.15 (0.03) | 8.51 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 80,210 | 8.43 (0.03) | 8.70 (0.04) | 8.23 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 81,242 | 8.54 (0.03) | 12.2 (0.05) | 5.83 (0.03) | <0.0001 |
| Hepatitis B or C | 8,479 | 0.89 (0.01) | 1.27 (0.02) | 0.61 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 87,956 | 9.24 (0.03) | 11.3 (0.05) | 7.69 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 303,089 | 31.9 (0.05) | 35.3 (0.08) | 29.3 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Any | 411,396 | 43.2 (0.05) | 46.7 (0.08) | 40.7 (0.07) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | |||||
| No | 843,357 | 88.6 (0.03) | 87.2 (0.05) | 89.7 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 108,176 | 11.4 (0.03) | 12.8 (0.05) | 10.3 (0.04) | |
| Chronic non-cancer pain | |||||
| No | 508,040 | 53.4 (0.05) | 55.0 (0.08) | 52.2 (0.07) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 443,493 | 46.6 (0.05) | 45.0 (0.08) | 47.8 (0.07) | |
| Opioid overdose, yes | 1,289 | 0.14 (0.00) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
| ED admission, yes | 251,681 | 26.5 (0.05) | 26.9 (0.07) | 26.1 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Inpatient hospitalization, yes | 178,711 | 18.8 (0.04) | 18.6 (0.06) | 18.9 (0.05) | <0.001 |
| Total encounters, mean (SD) | 22.2 (35.8) | 20.5 (34.4) | 23.5 (36.6) | <0.0001 | |
Note: the analysis (N=951,533) was based on EHR data from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2018. SE: standard error; SUD: substance use disorder; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED: emergency department.
a
Other drug use disorder diagnoses included hallucinogen, inhalant, or other/unspecified substance use disorders.
b
Other mental health disorders included adjustment, personality, attention-deficit/impulse/conduct, somatoform, or eating disorders.