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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Feb 11;209:107902. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107902

Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of opioid overdose, emergency department (ED) admission, and inpatient hospitalization in relation to having chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) vs. not having CNCP: stratified by substance use disorder diagnosis and by gender.

Patients with substance use disorder Overall Males Females
AOR (95% CI) of opioid overdose
Tobacco 1.50 (1.25–1.81) 1.42 (1.13–1.80) 1.62 (1.18–2.22)
Alcohol 1.47 (1.10–1.96) 1.23 (0.89–1.70) 2.48 (1.30–4.73)
Opioid 0.49 (0.39–0.63) 0.42 (0.31–0.56) 0.70 (0.46–1.07)
Other druga 1.32 (1.06–1.63) 1.08 (0.83–1.40) 1.94 (1.29–2.90)
AOR (95% CI) of ED admission
Tobacco 2.07 (1.99–2.14) 1.95 (1.85–2.04) 2.22 (2.11–2.35)
Alcohol 1.73 (1.60–1.87) 1.80 (1.64–1.97) 1.57 (1.36–1.81)
Opioids 1.09 (0.94–1.28) 1.10 (0.89–1.36) 1.10 (0.88–1.39)
Other druga 2.29 (2.08–2.53) 2.03 (1.78–2.31) 2.71 (2.33–3.16)
AOR (95% CI) of inpatient hospitalization
Tobacco 1.28 (1.23–1.32) 1.26 (1.20–1.32) 1.31 (1.24–1.38)
Alcohol 1.26 (1.17–1.36) 1.28 (1.17–1.39) 1.22 (1.06–1.39)
Opioids 1.05 (0.91–1.22) 1.30 (1.06–1.59) 0.81 (0.65–1.02)
Other druga 1.21 (1.11–1.31) 1.28 (1.15–1.42) 1.14 (1.00–1.29)

Note: Separate models were conducted among patients with tobacco, alcohol, opioid, or other (non-opioid) drug use disorder, respectively, and for each dependent variable including opioid overdose, ED admission, and inpatient hospitalization, respectively. The overall model was controlled for gender, age group, race/ethnicity, any mental health disorder, chronic medical condition, and any cancer diagnosis. Each gender-specific model was controlled for age group, race/ethnicity, any mental health disorder, and any chronic medical condition. CI: confidence interval; CNCP: chronic non-cancer pain; AOR: adjusted logistic regression; ED: emergency department.

a

Other (non-opioid) drug use disorders included cannabis, cocaine/amphetamine, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic, hallucinogen, inhalant, or other/unspecified drug use disorder.

Boldface: estimate significantly differed from the estimate without CNCP (p<0.05)