Table 3.
Detailed results for studies to evaluate the vector competence of the Nearctic/Neotropical tick Ixodes scapularis for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes.
| Spirochete species and source/ isolate | Hosts used as source of infection for feeding ticks |
Spirochete acquisition by ticks fed on hosts with active infection |
Transstadial passage of spirochetes to molted ticks of the next life stage |
Spirochete transmission by ticks fed on naïve hosts |
Reference | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Route of spirochete infection | Geographic origin of ticksf | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | Host | No. infected ticks known to have fed per hostk | No. hosts known to have been exposed to at least 1 infected tickk | No. hosts for which infection was confirmed after tick feeding | ||
| Uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato | |||||||||||||||
| Wild strain | – | – | NY | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalej | White rabbit | ≥2 | 8 | 8 | Burgdorfer et al., 1982 |
| Wild strain | – | – | NY | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalej | White rabbit | 10 | 1 | 1 | Burgdorfer, 1984 |
| Wild strain | White rabbit | Needlec | NY | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 90 | 8i | – | – | – | – | – | Burgdorfer, 1984 |
| Wild strain | White rabbit | Needlec | OK | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 316 | 22i | Nymph | White rabbit | ≥6 | 1 | 1 | Burgdorfer and Gage, 1986 |
| Wild strain | White rabbit | Tick bited | OK | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 198 | 31i | – | – | – | – | – | Burgdorfer and Gage, 1986 |
| Wild strain | White rabbit | Tick bited | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 34 | 71 | – | – | – | – | – | Telford and Spielman, 1989 |
| Wild strain | – | – | NY | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalej | White rabbit | 3–8 | 4 | 4 | Piesman et al., 1991 |
| Wild strain | White mouse | Needlee | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 30 | 40 | – | – | – | – | – | Maupin et al, 1994 |
| Wild strain | White mouse | Needlee | MA | Larva | 60 | 65g | Nymph | 20 | 75 | Nymph | White mouse | 7 | 1 | 1 | Dolan et al., 1997 |
| Wild strain | – | – | CT/MD/NJ/NY | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalej | White rabbit | 3–28 | 14 | 14 | Piesman et al, 1999 |
| Wild strain | – | – | MI/MN/WI | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalej | White rabbit | 4–14 | 3 | 3 | Piesman et al, 1999 |
| Wild strain | – | – | FL/GA/MS/SC | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalej | White rabbit | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 12)l | Piesman et al, 1999 |
| Wild strain | – | – | CT/NJ/NY | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphj | White mouse | 1 | 16 | 15 | des Vignes et al., 2001 |
| WI210 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA/NY | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 90 | 98 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| LI-231 | Hamster | Needlee | – | Larva | 82 | 28h | Nymph | 271 | 45 | – | – | – | – | – | Barker et al., 1993 |
| LI-231 | Rat | Needlee | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 70 | 36 | – | – | – | – | – | Barker et al., 1993 |
| LI-231 | M. monax a | Needlee | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 57 | 23 | – | – | – | – | – | Barker et al., 1993 |
| 006 strain | White mouse | Tick bited | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 4 | Richter et al, 1996 |
| 006 strain | White mouse | Tick bited | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | P. leucopus a | No data | No data | 4 | Richter et al, 1996 |
| MI-119 | White mouse | Needlee | NJ/NY | Larva | 40 | 75g | Nymph | 30 | 90 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| MI-128 | White mouse | Needlee | NJ/NY | Larva | 20 | 10g | Nymph | 10 | 90 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| MI-129 | White mouse | Needlee | NJ/NY | Larva | 40 | 78g | Nymph | 30 | 80 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | 4 | 4 | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| Valhalla | Hamster | Tick bited | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymph | Hamster | No data | 3 | 3 | Levin et al, 1995 |
| Valhalla | O. palustris a | Tick bited | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 694 | 75 | Nymph | O. palustris a | No data | No data | 2 | Levin et al, 1995 |
| Valhalla | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | P. leucopus a | 1 | 38 | 31 | Levin and Fish, 2000 |
| Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto | |||||||||||||||
| JD1 | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | >90 | Nymph | Hamster | 1–3 | 6 | 5 | Piesman et al., 1987b |
| JD1 | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | >90 | Nymph | P. leucopus a | 1–3 | 7 | 7 | Piesman et al, 1987b |
| JD1 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | Hamster | 1 | No data | 6 | Piesman et al, 1987a |
| JD1 | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 215 | 92 | Nymph | P. leucopus a | 1–3 | 10 | 10 | Mather et al, 1990 |
| JD1 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA | Larva | 18 | 61g | Nymph | 24 | 75 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Stone, 1991 |
| JD1 | White rabbit | Needlee | OK | Larva | 200 | 20h | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White rabbit | No data | No data | 6 | Mukolwe et al., 1992 |
| JD1 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA/NY | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 180 | 99 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| JD1 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA | Larva | 132 | 44h | Nymph | 73 | 88 | Nymph | Hamster | 1–14 | 4 | 4 | Piesman and Sinsky, 1988 |
| JD1 | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | – | Larva | 75 | 53h | Nymph | 161 | 89 | – | – | – | – | – | Mather and Mather, 1990 |
| JD1 | White mouse | Needlee | LA | Larva | 34 | 79g | Nymph | 10 | 90 | Nymph | White mouse | 9 | 1 | 1 | Jacobs et al., 2003 |
| B31 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA/NY | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 90 | 84 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| B31 | White mouse | Needlee | MA | Larva | 60 | 77g | Nymph | 20 | 85 | Nymph | White mouse | 9 | 1 | 1 | Dolan et al., 1997 |
| B31 | White mouse | Needlee | NY | Larva | 20 | 85g | Nymph | 20 | 90 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Dolan et al., 1998 |
| B31 | White mouse | Needlee | LA | Larva | 51 | 90g | Nymph | 10 | 90 | Nymph | White mouse | 3–4 | 2 | 2 | Jacobs et al., 2003 |
| B31 | White mouse | Tick bited | CT | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | 1–4 | 8 | 7 | Goddard et al., 2015 |
| B31 | White mouse | Tick bited | LA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | 1–4 | 6 | 5 | Goddard et al., 2015 |
| B31 | White mouse | Tick bited | MS | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | 1–4 | 4 | 4 | Goddard et al., 2015 |
| NC-2 | White mouse | Needlee | NJ/NY | Larva | 30 | 100g | Nymph | 40 | 100 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | 4 | 4 | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| SH2-82 | Hamster | Needlee | GA | Larva | 36 | 89h | Nymph | 107 | 88 | Nymph | Hamster | No data | No data | 3 | Ryder et al., 1992 |
| SH2-82 | Hamster | Needlee | GA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 5 | Sanders and Oliver, 1995 |
| SH2-82 | Hamster | Needlee | GA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 1 | Oliver et al., 1993 |
| SI-1 | White mouse | Needlee | NJ/NY | Larva | 30 | 73g | Nymph | 20 | 75 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| SI-1 | Hamster | Needlee | GA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Oliver et al., 1993 |
| SI-1 | Hamster | Needlee | MA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 4 | Oliver et al, 1993 |
| CA4 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA/NY | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 90 | 58 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| CA5 | Hamster | Tick bited | MA/NY | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 30 | 70 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| CA5 | Hamster | Tick bited | – | Larva | 20 | 25g | Nymph | 43 | 40 | Nymph | Hamster | No data | No data | 2 | Lane et al., 1994 |
| BL206 | White mouse | Needlee | CT | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 82 | Nymph | P. leucopus a | No data | No data | 6 | Derdakova et al., 2004 |
| B348 | White mouseb | Needlee | CT | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 97 | Nymph | P. leucopus a | No data | No data | 6 | Derdakova et al., 2004 |
| B348 | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | >90 | – | – | – | – | – | States et al., 2017 |
| BBC13 | P. leucopus a | Tick bited | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | >95 | – | – | – | – | – | States et al., 2017 |
| Borrelia bissettiae | |||||||||||||||
| MI-6 | Hamster | Needlee | GA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 5 | Sanders and Oliver, 1995 |
| MI-6 | Hamster | Needlee | GA | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 52 | 27 | Nymph | S. hispidus a | No data | No data | 2 | Sanders and Oliver, 1995 |
| Borrelia mayonii | |||||||||||||||
| MN14-1420 | White mouse | Needlee | CT | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 241 | 13 | Nymph | White mouse | 1–3 | 13 | 9 | Dolan et al., 2016 |
| MN14-1420 | White mouse | Tick bited | CT/MN | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | 1–2 | 20 | 13 | Dolan et al., 2017b |
| MN14-1420 | White mouse | Tick bited | CT | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 301 | 13 | Nymph | White mouse | 1 | 9 | 4 | Eisen et al., 2017 |
| MN14-1420 | White mouse | Tick bited | MN | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 268 | 12 | Nymph | White mouse | 1 | 6 | 2 | Eisen et al., 2017 |
| MN-17-4755 | White mouse | Tick bited | – | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 20 | 55 | Nymph | P. leucopus a | 1–10 | 23 | 21 | Parise et al., 2020 |
| Borrelia afzelii | |||||||||||||||
| Pgau.C3 | White mouse | Needlee | NY | Larva | 20 | 90g | Nymph | 20 | 85 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Dolan et al., 1998 |
| Borrelia garinii | |||||||||||||||
| VS286 | White mouse | Needlee | NY | Larva | 20 | 10g | Nymph | 20 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 1 | Dolan et al., 1998 |
| VSBP | White mouse | Needlee | NY | Larva | 20 | 5g | Nymph | 20 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0 (out of 4)l | Dolan et al, 1998 |
a
Laboratory colony of ground hogs (Marmota monax), marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), or cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus).
b
Immunodeficient white mouse strain.
c
Inoculated with a suspension containing material from field-collected I. scapularis ticks.
d
Bite by infected I. scapularis ticks.
e
Inoculated with a suspension containing cultured spirochetes.
f
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic region: CT, MA, MD, NJ, NY; Midwestern region: MI, MN, OK, WI; Southeast region: FL, GA, LA, MS, SC.
g
Larvae harvested within the first 2 wk after completing their blood meal.
h
Larvae harvested within the first 2 d after completing their blood meal.
i
Including only nymphs resulting from larvae fed 14–30 d post-infection.
j
Field-collected infected ticks.
k
By examination of either fed ticks or the resulting unfed ticks of the next life stage; or elucidated via transmission to uninfected ticks in a co-feeding experiment. Listed as no data when the number was not clearly stated in the publication.
l
The study presented no evidence that any of these naïve hosts were exposed to an infected tick.