Table 4.
Detailed results for studies to evaluate the vector competence of the Nearctic tick Ixodes pacificus for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes.
| Spirochete species and souree/isolate | Hosts used as source of infection for feeding ticks |
Spirochete acquisition by ticks fed on hosts with active infection |
Transstadial passage of spirochetes to molted ticks of the next life stage |
Spirochete transmission by ticks fed on naïve hosts |
Reference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Route of spirochete infection | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | Host | No. infected ticks known to have fed per hostj | No. hosts known to have been exposed to at least 1 infected tickj | No. hosts for which infection was confirmed after tick feeding | ||
| Uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato | ||||||||||||||
| Wild strain | White rabbit | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 120 | 12h | – | – | – | – | – | Burgdorfer, 1984 |
| Wild strain | Wild rodentsa | Tick bitea | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 80 | 24 | – | – | – | – | – | Brown and Lane, 1992 |
| Wild strain | Wild rodentsa | Tick bitea | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 418 | 40 | – | – | – | – | – | Brown and Lane, 1996 |
| Wild strain | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femalei | White rabbit | 1 | 2 | 2 | Piesman et al., 1999 |
| 006 strain | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0 (out of 14)k | Richter et al., 1996 |
| 006 strain | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | P. leucopus b | No data | No data | 0 (out of 5)k | Richter et al., 1996 |
| Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto | ||||||||||||||
| CA4 | Hamster | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 70 | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| CA4 | White rabbit | Needled | Larva | 259 | 3g | Nymph | 140 | 6 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 1–2 | 6 | 5l | Lane et al., 1994 |
| CA4 | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 107 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1994 |
| CA4 | White rabbit | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 20–60 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 1–2 | 10 | 8 | Peavey and Lane, 1995 |
| CA4 | P. maniculatus b | Tick bitee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 103 | 34 | – | – | – | – | – | Peavey and Lane, 1995 |
| CA4 | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 182 | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA4 | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 200 | 19 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA5 | Hamster | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 30 | 27 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman, 1993 |
| CA5 | Hamster | Tick bitec | Larva | 20 | 25g | Nymph | 18 | 33 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1994 |
| CA7 | Hamster | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 60 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1994 |
| CA10 | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 300 | <1 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA11 | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 32 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1994 |
| JD1 | Hamster | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | Hamster | 2 | 1 | 1 | Lane et al., 1994 |
| JD1 | Hamster | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 1 | 1 | 0 | Lane et al., 1994 |
| Borrelia bissettiae | ||||||||||||||
| CA389 | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 42 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA389 | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 350 | <1 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA559 | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 240 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA589 | P. maniculatus b | Tick bitef | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 12 | 42 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA591 | P. maniculatus b | Tick bitef | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 32 | 43 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA592 | P. maniculatus b | Tick bitef | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 12 | 75 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 1 | 3 | 3 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA589/591/592 | P. maniculatus b | Tick bitef | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 1–6 | 4 | 4 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| CA589/591/592 | P. maniculatus b | Tick bitef | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | No data | No data | 6 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
Field-collected and naturally tick-bite infected dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) or California kangaroo rats (Dipodomys californicus).
Laboratory colonies of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) or white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).
Bite by infected I. scapularis ticks.
Inoculated with a suspension containing cultured spirochetes.
Bite by infected I. pacificus ticks.
Bite by infected I. spinipalpis ticks.
Larvae harvested within the first 2 wk after completing their blood meal.
Including only nymphs resulting from larvae fed 14–30 d post-infection.
Field-collected infected ticks.
By examination of either fed ticks or the resulting unfed ticks of the next life stage; or elucidated via transmission to uninfected ticks in a co-feeding experiment. Listed as no data when the number was not clearly stated in the publication.
The study presented no evidence that any of these naïve hosts were exposed to an infected tick.
Five mice had ear biopsies positive for spirochetes by culture and were seroreactive. A sixth mouse had ear biopsy negative for spirochetes by culture but was seroreactive; this mouse was not included in the number for which infection was confirmed.