Table 5.
Detailed results for studies to evaluate the vector competence of the Palearctic tick Ixodes ricinus for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes.
| Spirochete species and source/isolate | Host used as source of infection for feeding ticks |
Spirochete acquisition by ticks fed on hosts with active infection |
Transstadial passage of spirochetes to molted ticks of the next life stage |
Spirochete transmission by ticks fed on naïve hosts |
Reference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Route of spirochete infection | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | Host | No. infected ticks known to have fed per hosti | No. hosts known to be exposed to at least 1 infected ticki | No. hosts for which infection was confirmed after tick feeding | ||
| Uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato | ||||||||||||||
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Femaleh | White rabbit | 1–19 | 7 | 7 | Burgdorfer et al., 1983 |
| Wild | White rabbit | Needleb | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 185 | 16g | – | – | – | – | – | Burgdorfer, 1984 |
| Wild | Wild rodentsa | Tick bitea | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 1254 | 50 | – | – | – | – | – | Gern et al., 1994 |
| Wild (including B. afzelii) | Gerbil | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 162 | 88 | Nymph | Gerbil | No data | No data | 6 | Kahl et al., 1998; Olaf Kahl (personal communication) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto | ||||||||||||||
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphh | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Hu et al., 2001 |
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphh | White mouse | No data | No data | 3 | Hu et al., 2003 |
| ZS7 | White mouse | Tick bited | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 42–88 | – | – | – | – | – | Gern et al., 1993 |
| ZS7 | White mouse | Tick bited | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 70 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | 3 | 3 | Gern and Rais, 1996 |
| B31 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 20 | 10f | Nymph | 20 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Dolan et al., 1998 |
| ZS7, NE1849 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 60–70 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Crippa et al., 2002 |
| Borrelia afzelii | ||||||||||||||
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Larvah | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | van Duijvendijk et al., 2016 |
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphh | White mouse | No data | No data | 9 | Hu et al., 2001 |
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphh | White mouse | No data | No data | 31 | Hu et al., 2003 |
| Pgau.C3 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 20 | 85f | Nymph | 20 | 90 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 3 | Dolan et al., 1998 |
| NE496, NE2963 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 60–80 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Crippa et al., 2002 |
| NE4053 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 2 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4053 | White mouse | Tick bitee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 26 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE5046 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 4 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE5046 | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 52 | 92 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE36 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 4 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE36 | White mouse | Tick bitee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 52 | 67 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| E61 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 3 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| E61 | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 39 | 54 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| P/sto | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 4 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| P/sto | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 52 | 15 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4054 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 4 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4054 | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 39 | 31 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4049 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 8 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4049 | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 117 | 85 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4051 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 9 | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| NE4051 | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 115 | 70 | – | – | – | – | – | Tonetti et al., 2015 |
| CB43 | White mouse | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | 90 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 10 | Pospisilova et al., 2019 |
| Borrelia garinii | ||||||||||||||
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphh | White mouse | No data | No data | 7 | Hu et al., 2001 |
| Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Nymphh | White mouse | No data | No data | 7 | Hu et al., 2003 |
| VS286 | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 20 | 5f | Nymph | 20 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 3 | Dolan et al., 1998 |
| VSBP | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 20 | 10f | Nymph | 20 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0 (out of 3)j | Dolan et al., 1998 |
a
Field-collected and naturally tick-bite infected yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) or wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus).
b
Inoculated with a suspension containing material from field-collected I. scapularis ticks.
c
Bite by infected I. ricinus ticks.
d
Nymphal ticks infected via capillary feeding before taking their blood meal.
e
Inoculated with a suspension containing cultured spirochetes.
f
Larvae harvested within the first 2 wk after completing their blood meal.
g
Including only nymphs resulting from larvae fed 14–30 d post-infection.
h
Field-collected infected ticks.
i
By examination of either fed ticks or the resulting unfed ticks of the next life stage; or elucidated via transmission to uninfected ticks in a co-feeding experiment. Listed as no data when the number was not clearly stated in the publication.
j
The study presented no evidence that any of these naïve hosts were exposed to an infected tick.