Table 7.
Detailed results for studies with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes to evaluate the vector competence of Ixodes ticks (excluding Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus) occurring in the Nearctic (NA) Zoogeographic region and in some cases with ranges extending also to the Neotropic (NT) or Palearctic (PA) Zoogeographic regions.
| Spirochete species and source/isolate | Host used as source of infection for feeding ticks |
Spirochete acquisition by ticks fed on hosts with active infection |
Transstadial passage of spirochetes to molted ticks of the next life stage |
Spirochete transmission by ticks fed on naïve hosts |
Reference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Route of spirochete infection | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | Host | No. infected ticks known to have fed per hosti | No. hosts known to have been exposed to at least 1 infected ticki | No. hosts for which infection was confirmed after tick feeding | ||
| Ixodes affinis (NA/NT) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (SI-1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | No data | No data | No data | No data | No dataj | Oliver et al., 2003 |
| Ixodes angustus (NA/PA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (CA4) | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 50 | 12 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | No data | No data | 1 | Peavey et al., 2000 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (CA4) | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 98 | 8 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 9)k | Peavey et al., 2000 |
| Ixodes cookei (NA/NT) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (LI-231)a | Hamster | Needled | Larva | 59 | 5f | Nymph | 92 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | Barker et al., 1993 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (LI-231)a | Rat | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 50 | 16 | – | – | – | – | – | Barker et al., 1993 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (LI-231)a | M. monax b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 100 | 4 | Nymph | M. monax b | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 1)k | Barker et al., 1993 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (SH2-82) | Hamster | Needled | Larva | 36 | 14f | Nymph | 30 | 0 | Nymph | Hamster | No data | No data | 0 (out of 3)k | Ryder et al., 1992 |
| Ixodes dentatus (NA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (Wild)a | White rabbit | Tick bitee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 45 | 47 | Nymph | White rabbit | 1 | 1 | 1 | Telford and Spielman, 1989 |
| Ixodes jellisoni (NA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (CA444)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 21 | 14 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (CA445)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 28 | 25 | Nymph | D. californicus b | 4 | 1 | 1 | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (CA447)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 43 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA404) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 3 | 0 | Nymph | D. californicus b | 1 | 1 | 1 | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA409) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 30 | 23 | Nymph | D. californicus b | 7 | 1 | 1 | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA442) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 32 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA443) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 7 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA446) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 13 | 15 | Nymph | D. californicus b | 1 | 1 | 0 | Lane et al., 1999 |
| Ixodes minor (NA/NT) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (unknown) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | No data | No data | No data | No data | No datal | Oliver et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (unknown) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | No data | No data | No data | No data | No datal | Oliver et al., 2003 |
| Ixodes muris (NA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (B31) | White mouse | Tick bitee | Larva | 12 | 67g | Nymph | No data | 38 | Nymph | White mouse | 1–3 | 4 | 1 | Dolan et al., 2000 |
| Ixodes spinipalpis (NA/NT) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (Wild)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 76 | 33 | Nymph | 2 hamsters, 1 P. trueib, and 1 N. fuscipesb | 1 | 4 | 4 | Brown and Lane, 1992 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (Wild)a | White mouse | Needled | Larva | 60 | 70g | Nymph | 20 | 80 | Nymph | White mouse | 1–6 | 3 | 3 | Dolan et al., 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (CA444)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 21 | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (CA445)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 32 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (CA447)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 28 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (B31) | White mouse | Needled | Larva | 60 | 58g | Nymph | 20 | 70 | Nymph | White mouse | 1–6 | 2 | 2 | Dolan et al., 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (CA4) | P. maniculatus b | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 141 | 12 | – | – | – | – | – | Peavey et al., 2000 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (CA4) | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 12 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (Wild) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymphh | M. ochrogaster b | No data | No data | 2 | Burkot et al., 2000 |
| B. bissettiae (CA389) | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 19 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (N271) | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 62 | 2 | Nymph | White mouse | 1 | 1 | 1 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (N501) | White mouse | Needled | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 56 | 4 | Nymph | White mouse | 2 | 1 | 1 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (CA589) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 10 | 80 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 2 | 1 | 1 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (CA590) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 4 | 75 | – | – | – | – | – | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (CA591) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 20 | 35 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 2–12 | 4 | 4 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. bissettiae (CA592) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 8 | 38 | Nymph | P. maniculatus b | 4–5 | 2 | 2 | Eisen et al., 2003 |
| B. californiensis (CA404) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 33 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA409) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 43 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA442) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 28 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA443) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 11 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
| B. californiensis (CA446) | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 20 | 25 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1999 |
Uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes.
Laboratory colonies of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), ground hogs (Marmota monax), California kangaroo rats (Dipodomys californicus), piñon mice (Peromyscus truei), dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes), or prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).
Field-collected and naturally tick-bite infected dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) or California kangaroo rats (Dipodomys californicus).
Inoculated with a suspension containing cultured spirochetes.
Bite by infected I. scapularis ticks.
Larvae harvested within 2 d after completing their blood meal.
Larvae harvested within the first 2 wk after completing their blood meal.
Naturally infected nymphs recovered as fed larvae from field-collected prairie voles.
By examination of either fed ticks or the resulting unfed ticks of the next life stage; or elucidated via transmission to uninfected ticks in a co-feeding experiment. Listed as no data when the number was not clearly stated in the publication.
Evidence for vector competence limited to the following statement: “The closely related but usually non-human biting I. affinis also experimentally transmitted the B. burgdorferi s.s. isolate SI-1 (J.H.O., A.M.J., and C.W.B., unpublished data).”.
The study presented no evidence that any naïve host was exposed to an infected tick.
Evidence for vector competence limited to the following statement: “Although I. minor is not currently considered a member of the Ixodes ricinus species complex, as are I. scapularis and I. affinis, it is an efficient vector of B. bissettii and B. burgdorferi s.s. (J.H.O., J. B. Phillips, C.W.B., L.G., T.L., and A.M.J., unpublished data).”.