Table 9.
Detailed results for studies with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes to evaluate the vector competence of Amblyomma, Dermacentor, or Haemaphysalis ticks occurring in the Nearctic (NA), Palearctic (PA), Oriental (OR), or Australian (AU) zoogeographic regions.
| Spirochete species and source/isolate | Host used as source of infection for feeding ticks |
Spirochete acquisition by ticks fed on hosts with active infection |
Transstadial passage of spirochetes to molted ticks of the next life stage |
Spirochete transmission by ticks fed on naïve hosts |
Reference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Route of spirochete infection | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | No. examined | % infected | Life stage | Host | No. infected ticks known to have fed per hosth | No. hosts known to have been exposed to at least 1 infected tickh | No. hosts for which infection was confirmed after tick feeding | ||
| Amblyomma americanum (NA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (JD1) | Hamster | Tick bited | Larva | 118 | 4f | Nymph | 218 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Sinsky, 1988 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (JD1) | P. leucopus b | Tick bited | Larva | 16 | 19f | Nymph | 33 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Mather and Mather, 1990 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (JD1) | White rabbit | Needlee | Larva | 200 | 0f | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White rabbit | No data | No data | 0 (out of 6)i | Mukolwe et al., 1992 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (B31) | White mouse | Tick bited | Larva | No data | 0g | Nymph | No data | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Soares et al., 2006 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (NC-2) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 30 | 0g | Nymph | 40 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 2)i | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (SI-1) | Hamster | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | Hamster | No data | No data | 0 (out of 15)i | Oliver et al., 1993 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (SI-1) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 20 | 0g | Nymph | 10 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (SH2-82) | Hamster | Needlee | Larva | 36 | 19f | Nymph | 60 | 2 | Nymph | Hamster | No data | No data | 0 (out of 3)i | Ryder et al., 1992 |
| B. bissettiae (MI-6) | Hamster | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 105 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0 (out of 23)i | Sanders and Oliver, 1995 |
| Dermacentor andersoni (NA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (Wild)a | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 90 | 17g | Nymph | 30 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 2)i | Dolan et al., 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (B31) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 90 | 11g | Nymph | 30 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 2)i | Dolan et al., 1997 |
| Dermacentor mittalli (PA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | 50f | Nymph | No data | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun et al., 2003a |
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Nymph | No data | 60f | Adult | No data | 0 | Adult | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun et al., 2003a |
| Dermacentor occidentalis (NA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (Wild)a | Wild rodentsc | Tick bitec | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 44 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Brown and Lane, 1992 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (CA5) | Hamster | Tick bited | Larva | 20 | 10g | Nymph | 40 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Lane et al., 1994 |
| Dermacentor silvarum (PA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | 40f | Nymph | No data | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun and Xu, 2003 |
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Nymph | No data | 50f | Adult | No data | 0 | Adult | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun and Xu, 2003 |
| Dermacentor variabilis (NA/NT) | ||||||||||||||
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (MI-119)a | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 23 | 61g | Nymph | 21 | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (MI-128)a | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 20 | 10g | Nymph | 10 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.l. (MI-129)a | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 30 | 37g | Nymph | 30 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 18)i | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (JD1) | Hamster | Tick bited | Larva | 49 | 14f | Nymph | 77 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Sinsky, 1988 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (JD1) | P. leucopus b | Tick bited | Larva | 75 | 28f | Nymph | 150 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Mather and Mather, 1990 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (JD1) | White rabbit | Needlee | Larva | 200 | 0f | Nymph | No data | No data | Nymph | White rabbit | No data | No data | 0 (out of 6)i, k | Mukolwe et al., 1992 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (B31) | White mouse | Tick bited | Larva | No data | >0g | Nymph | No data | >0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Soares et al., 2006 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (NC-2) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 47 | 28g | Nymph | 49 | 2 | Nymph | White mouse | 0 | 0 | 0 (out of 6)i | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (SI-1) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | 48 | 58g | Nymph | 30 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Piesman and Happ, 1997 |
| B. bissettiae (MI-6) | Hamster | Needlee | Larva | No data | No data | Nymph | 105 | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0 (out of 21)i | Sanders and Oliver, 1995 |
| Haemaphysalis concinna (OR/PA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | 70–80f | Nymph | No data | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun and Xu, 2003 |
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Nymph | No data | 70f | Adult | No data | 0 | Adult | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun and Xu, 2003 |
| Haemaphysalis longicornis (AU/NA/OR/PA) | ||||||||||||||
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Larva | No data | 60–70f | Nymph | No data | 0 | Nymph | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun et al., 2003a |
| B. garinii (Wild) | White mouse | Needlee | Nymph | No data | 60–70f | Adult | No data | 0 | Adult | White mouse | No data | No data | 0j | Sun et al., 2003a |
| B. burgdorferi s.s. (B31) | White mouse | Tick bited | Larva | 32 | 56f | Nymph | 520 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Breuner et al., 2020 |
Uncharacterized Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes.
Laboratory colony of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).
Field-collected and naturally tick-bite infected dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) or California kangaroo rats (Dipodomys californicus).
Bite by infected I. scapularis ticks.
Inoculated with a suspension containing cultured spirochetes.
Larvae or nymphs harvested within 2 d after completing their blood meal.
Larvae or nymphs harvested within the first 2 wk after completing their blood meal.
By examination of either fed ticks or the resulting unfed ticks of the next life stage; or elucidated via transmission to uninfected ticks in a co-feeding experiment. Listed as no data when the number was not clearly stated in the publication.
The study presented no evidence that any naïve host was exposed to an infected tick.
The study presented no evidence that any naïve host was exposed to an infected tick, and the number of hosts used was not given.
One of these rabbits was seroreactive but no spirochetes were isolated from tissues (liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and urinary bladder) taken at necropsy; the evidence for this rabbit was therefore not considered sufficient to conclude that infection was confirmed. In contrast, rabbits exposed to I. scapularis ticks infected with the same spirochete isolate in this study uniformly were both seroreactive and yielded tissues from which spirochetes were cultured.