Table 2.

Gene deliveries for OA treatment

Nanocarrier	Gene	Cell line/Animal model	Major outcomes	Refs
Iron oxide NPs	SiRNA against IL-2/-15 receptor β chain	Arthritic rats	Biocompatible, improved siRNA stability, high uptake by macrophages, and great anti-inflammatory effect	[169]
Chitosan NPs	DNA (plasmid)	Chondrocytes and synoviocytes	High transfection efficiency, great biocompatibility, and delivery of pDNA into the nucleus of chondrocytes and synoviocytes	[170]
Calcium phosphate/liposome NPs	NF-kB targeted DNA	Arthritic rats	Inhibiting the progression of OA by targeting macrophages and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-kB signaling pathway	[171]
Hyaluronic acid/chitosan NPs	Plasmid-DNA	Chondrocytes	High transfection efficiency and increasing the viability of chondrocytes	[172]
Chitosan NPs	IL-1Ra or IL-10 genes	Osteoarthritic rabbits	Improving histologic lesions and decreasing inflammation	[173]
Chitosan-HA NPs	IL-1Ra	Synoviocytes	Sustained pDNA release, high biocompatibility, and great anti-inflammatory effect	[174]
Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)	TGF-β3 and BMP2	MSCs	Directing MSCs fate for articular cartilage and endochondral bone tissue engineering	[175]
Polymeric NPs	Anti-Hif-2α siRNA	Arthritic mice	Downregulation of Hif-2α, MMP-12 and -9, ADAMTS-4, VEGF, collagen type X and NF-kB, promoting local concentration, increasing retention time, decreasing IL-1β and attenuation of synovium inflammation	[176]
HA/chitosan NPs	Cytokine response modifier A	Rat knee osteoarthritis model	Effective entrapment of plasmid-DNA, sustained release over 3 weeks, inhibiting cartilage damage, synovial inflammation, and loss of type II collagen and downregulation of IL-1β and MMP-3 and MMP-13	[177]
Bioconjugated carbon dots with succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC)	Silenced TNF-α (siTnfα)	MSCs	MSCs chondrogenesis enhancement by inflammation suppression	[178]
NO-hemoglobin@PLGA-PEG NPs	Notch1-siRNA	Macrophage	Suppressing macrophage inflammation	[179]