Table 2.
The detailed report of commercially available drugs in treatment of COVID–19.
| S. no. | Name of drug | Illnesses treated | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | α-Interferon | Spectrum of respiratory infections, RSV and SARS | (Cinatl et al., 2003; Guerrero et al., 2013; Markland et al., 2000) |
| 2. | Ritonavir and lopinavir | SARS, MERS | (Chu et al., 2004) |
| 3. | Ribavirin | RSV and RSV pneumonia | (Lewinsohn et al., 1996; McIntosh et al., 1984) |
| 4. | Reverse transcriptase inhibitors: zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir and emtricitabine. | SARS | (De Clercq, 2007) |
| 5. | Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. | SARS | (De Clercq, 2007) |
| 6. | Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): nevirapine, delavirdine and efavirenz. | SARS | De Clercq, 2007 |
| 7. | Protease Inhibitors (PIs): saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir and fosamprenavir. | SARS | De Clercq, 2007 |
| 8. | Fusion inhibitor: enfuvirtide. Lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil. | SARS | De Clercq, 2007 |
| 9. | Umifenovir | ARVI, influenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, including the causative agent of atypical pneumonia Used in the phase III trials of 2019- nCoV virus, SARS, MERS |
(De Clercq, 2007) |
| 10. | 3-Chymotrypsin-like protease | SARS, MERS | (Chou et al., 2008; Kilianski et al., 2013; Li and Clercq, 2020) |
| 11. | Papain-like protease | SARS, MERS and Human Coronavirus NL63. | (Chen, 2020; Harcourt et al., 2004; Kilianski et al., 2013) |
| 12. | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | SARS, Murine Coronavirus. | (Imbert et al., 2006; Lu, 2020; Mahy et al., 1983) |
| 13. | Capsid spike glycoprotein (hCoV-EMC) | SARS, Human Coronavirus | (Gierer et al., 2013; Hoffmann et al., 2020; Howard et al., 2008) |
| 14. | Guanosine-analog RNA synthesis inhibitors | Coronavirus | (Beaucourt and Vignuzzi, 2014) |
| 15. | Nitazoxanide | SARS, MERS and Influenza | (Rossignol, 2016) |
| 16. | Influenza drugs | MERS | (De Clercq, 2007) |
| 17. | Remdesivir | COVID-19, SARS, MERS | Agostini et al., 2018; Wang, 2020 |
| 18. | Favipiravir | COVID-19 | (Wang, 2020) |
| 19. | Darunavir | COVID-19 | (Beck et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2020) |
| 20. | Lopinavir | COVID-19, SARS, MERS | Yao et al., 2020 |
| 21. | Alcohol Vaporization or Nebulization Inhalation Therapy | COVID-19 | (Cao, 2020) |
| 22. | Chloroquine | SARS, Human Coronavirus OC43. | (Keyaerts et al., 2009, Keyaerts et al., 2004; Vincent et al., 2005) |
| 23. | ASC09 | ARDS, Respiratory distress syndrome, SARS, MERS | (March and Bogatcheva, 2018, March and Bogatcheva, 2019) |
| 24. | TMPRSS2 inhibitor Camostat mesylate | SARS, MERS, Coronavirus 229E and COVID-19 | (Bertram et al., 2013; Hoffmann et al., 2020; Kawase et al., 2012; Shirato et al., 2014) |
| 25. | Baricitinib | COVID-19 | (Richardson et al., 2020; Stebbing et al., 2020) |
| 26. | Ruxolitinib | COVID-19 | (Stebbing et al., 2020) |
| 27. | Saquinavir | SARS and Feline Coronavirus | (Blanchard et al., 2004; Comper, 2005; Hsieh et al., 2010) |
| 28. | Indinavir | SARS and COVID-19 | (Contini, 2020; Tan et al., 2004) |
| 29. | Carfilzomib | COVID-19 | (Wang, 2020) |
| 30. | Oseltamivir | COVID-19 | (Haagmans et al., 2004; Lu, 2020) |
| 31. | Azvudine | COVID-19 | (Hu et al., 2020) |
| 32. | Baloxavir marboxil | COVID-19 | (Li and Clercq, 2020) |
| 33. | Thymosin α1 | MERS | (Leyva-Grado and Behzadi, 2019) |
| 34. | Methylprednisolone | SARS, MERS | (Kim et al., 2016; Que et al., 2003) |
| 35. | Tocilizumab | COVID-19 | (Diao et al., 2020) |
| 36. | Interferon Subtypes of β-1b, α-n1, α-n3, and human leukocyte interferon α | SARS | (Tan et al., 2004) |
| 37. | Acyclovir | SARS, MERS, Coronavirus 229E and COVID-19 | (Peters et al., 2015) |
| 38. | Cathespin L | SARS | (Simmons et al., 2005) |
This table represents the commercially available drugs used for the treatment of the various forms of coronaviruses. The viral infections discussed in the table are SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, MERS - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, RSV - Respiratory Syncytial Virus, ARVI - Acute respiratory viral infections.