Table 5.
List of Indian medicinal herbs which might inhibit the HCoVs and other Viruses.
| S. no | Plant source | Mechanism of action | Target | Virus | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Acacia nilotica | Inhibition | – | HIV-PR | Mishra et al., 2014 |
| 2. | Allium sativum | Proteolytic and hemagglutinating activity and viral replication | – | SARS | Keyaerts et al., 2004 |
| 3. | Andrographis paniculata | Suppression | NLRP3, capase-1, and IL-1β | SARS-COV and likely SARS-CoV-2 | Liu et al., 2020a, Liu et al., 2020b |
| 4. | Boerhaavia diffusa | Inhibition | ACE | – | Prathapan et al., 2013; Khan and Kumar, 2019 |
| 5. | Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn | Inactivation | Ribosome | SARS-CoV-2 | Olivieri et al., 1996 |
| 6. | Clitoria ternatea | Metalloproteinase inhibitor | ADAM17 | – | Maity et al., 2012 |
| 7. | Coriandrum sativum | Inhibition | ACE | – | Pandey et al., 2011 |
| 8. |
Cynara scolymus Cassia occidentalis Coscinium fenestratum |
Inhibition | ACE | – | Prathapan et al., 2013; Khan and Kumar, 2019 |
| 9. | Embelia ribes | Inhibition | ACE | – | Prathapan et al., 2013; Khan and Kumar, 2019 |
| 10. | Eugenia jambolana | Inhibition | Protease | – | Otake et al., 1995 |
| 11. | Euphorbia granulata | Inhibition | – | HIV-1 PR | Mishra et al., 2014 |
| 12. | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Inhibition of viral replication; Modulation of membrane fluidity | SARS; HIV-1 | Akamatsu et al., 1991; Cinatl et al., 2003; Fiore et al., 2008 | |
| 13. | Gymnema sylvestre | Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis | – | – | Vimalanathan et al., 2009; Arun et al., 2014 |
| 14. | Hyoscyamus niger | Inhibition and Bronchodilator | Ca2+ | – | Gilani et al., 2008 |
| 15. | Ocimum kilimandscharicum | Inhibition | – | HIV-1 | Thayil Seema and Thyagarajan, 2016 |
| 16. | Ocimum sanctum | Inhibition | – | HIV-1 | Rege and Chowdhary, 2014 |
| 17. | Punica granatum | Inhibition | ACE | – | Prathapan et al., 2013; Khan and Kumar, 2019 |
| 18. | Salacia oblonga | Suppression | angiotensin II, AT1 signal | – | He et al., 2011 |
| 19. | Sambucus ebulus | Inhibition | – | Enveloped virus | Ganjhu et al., 2015 |
| 20. | Solanum nigrum | – | – | HIV-1 | Yu, 2004 |
| 21. | Sphaeranthus indicus | Inhibition | – | Mouse corona virus and Herpes virus |
Galani et al., 2010 Tiwari and Khosa, 2009; Vimalanathan et al., 2009 |
| 22. | Strobilanthes callosa | Blocking | – | HCoV-NL63 |
Tsai et al., 2020 Tsai et al., 2020 |
| 23. | Strobilanthes cusia | Blocking | – | HCoV-NL63 |
Tsai et al., 2020 Tsai et al., 2020 |
| 24. | Vitex negundo | Inhibition | – | HIV-1 | Nair, 2012 |
| 25. | Vitex trifolia | Reduction | – | SARS-COV | Liou et al., 2018 |
HIV-1PR: Human Influenza Virus – 1 Protease; SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; SARS-CoV: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – Coranavirus; SARS-CoV-2: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – Coranavirus 2; ACE – Angiotensin converting enzyme; HIV-1: Human Influenza Virus – 1; gp120: Envelope Glycoprotein 120; CD4: Cluster of Differentiation; HCoV-NL63: Human coronavirus NL63; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; MHV-A59: Mouse Hepatitis Virus –A59; CA2+: Calcium ion; NLRP3: NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3; AT1: Angiotensin 1; HCoV-NL63: Human Coranavirus – NL63.