Table 2.
Frequencies of virus detection in the tuberculosis (TB) patients and household contact controls in Tanzania, and odds ratios of detection in TB patients compared to controls
| Detection of viral species | All |
TB patients |
Controls |
OR (95%CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 794) | (n = 489) | (n = 305) | |||
| Any respiratory virus | 162 (20.4) | 100 (20.4) | 62 (20.3) | 1.00 (0.71–1.44) | 0.98 |
| Respiratory viral species | |||||
| Human rhinovirus A/B/C | 74 (9.3) | 42 (8.6) | 32 (10.5) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.37 |
| Influenza A | 25 (3.1) | 15 (3.1) | 10 (3.3) | 0.93 (0.41–2.11) | 0.87 |
| RSVA | 15 (1.9) | 12 (2.5) | 3 (1.0) | 2.53 (0.71–9.05) | 0.15 |
| Adenovirus | 14 (1.8) | 9 (1.8) | 5 (1.6) | 1.13 (0.37–3.39) | 0.83 |
| RSVB | 12 (1.5) | 9 (1.8) | 3 (1.0) | 1.89 (0.51–7.03) | 0.34 |
| Parainfluenza virus 4 | 9 (1.1) | 4 (0.8) | 5 (1.6) | 0.49 (0.13–1.86) | 0.3 |
| Coronavirus OC43 | 9 (1.1) | 5 (1.0) | 4 (1.3) | 0.78 (0.21–2.92) | 0.71 |
| Coronavirus NL63 | 4 (0.5) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1.87 (0.19–18.12) | 0.59 |
| Enterovirus | 4 (0.5) | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0) | NA | |
| Bocavirus 1/2/3/4 | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 1.24 (0.11–13.83) | 0.86 |
| Parainfluenza virus 2 | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) | 0.31 (0.03–3.44) | 0.34 |
| Influenza B | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0.62 (0.04–10.0) | 0.74 |
| Parainfluenza virus 3 | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0.90 (0.41–1.97) | 0.80 |
| Metapneumovirus | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | NA | |
| Coronavirus 229E | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | NA | |
| Groups of detected viruses | |||||
| Influenza A/B | 27 (3.4) | 16 (3.3) | 11 (3.6) | 0.90 (0.41–1.97) | 0.80 |
| Influenza-like (influenza and parainfluenza viruses) | 40 (5.0) | 23 (4.7) | 17 (5.6) | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) | 0.59 |
| Coronaviruses | 14 (1.8) | 8 (1.6) | 6 (2.0) | 0.83 (0.28–2.41) | 0.73 |
| Parainfluenza 2/3/4 | 13 (1.6) | 7 (1.4) | 6 (2.0) | 0.72 (0.24–2.17) | 0.56 |
| RSV | 25 (3.1) | 19 (3.9) | 6 (2.0) | 2.01 (0.80–5.10) | 0.14 |
| Groups according to the number of detected viral species | 0.96 | ||||
| One species | 145 (18.3) | 89 (18.2) | 56 (18.4) | 0.99 (0.69–1.44) | |
| ≥2 species | 17 (2.1) | 11 (2.2) | 6 (2.0) | 1.15 (0.42–3.13) | |
| Respiratory bacterial pathogens | |||||
| Any bacterial species | 303 (38.2) | 171 (35.0) | 132 (43.3) | 0.70 (0.53–0.94) | 0.019 |
| Respiratory bacterial species | |||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 207 (26.1) | 110 (22.5) | 97 (31.8) | 0.62 (0.45–0.86) | 0.004 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 171 (21.5) | 99 (20.2) | 72 (23.6) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.26 |
| Legionella pneumophila | 12 (1.5) | 9 (1.8) | 3 (1.0) | 1.89 (0.51–7.03) | 0.34 |
| Bordetella parapertussis | 4 (0.5) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1.88 (0.19–18.12) | 0.59 |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | N/A |
| Bordetella pertussis | 5 (0.6) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 2.51 (0.28–22.54) | 0.41 |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| Groups according to the number of detected bacterial species | 0.062 | ||||
| One specie | 209 (26.3) | 119 (24.3) | 90 (29.5) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | |
| ≥2 species | 94 (11.8) | 52 (10.6) | 42 (13.8) | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | |
OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; NA, not applicable.
ORs and p calculated from mixed-effects logistic regression models with random household intercepts.