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. 2007 Apr 2;18(4):159–166. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.03.003

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Vpr antagonizes the negative effect of insulin on FoxOs by retaining these transcription factors in the nucleus through inhibition of the interaction of FoxOs with proteins 14–3-3. Insulin induces cytoplasmic translocation of FoxO transcription factors by phosphorylating them and creating 14–3-3-binding sites. Vpr inhibits binding of 14–3-3 to phosphorylated FoxOs, thereby inhibiting the negative effect of insulin on FoxOs. These transcription factors thus remain in the nucleus and constitutively stimulate the transcriptional activity of their responsive gene promoters 26, 37, 38.