Table 2.
Viruses and viral proteins that might alter the host endocrine signaling systems
| Virus type | Virus name | Virus-encoded molecule | Affected organs or tissues | Diseases and manifestations | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ssRNA virus | Mumps virus | Nucleocapsid transcript (MVNT) | Bone and osteoclast | Paget's disease of bone (hypersensitivity to vitamin D) | [40] |
| ssRNA virus | SARS corona virus | Lung | Hypersensitivity to ANG II | [3] | |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) | Not determined | Pituitary gland (somatotroph) | Dwarfism in the rat (growth hormone/Pit-1) | [68] | |
| dsDNA virus | Adenovirus | E1A | Respiratory tract, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder | Possible hyposensitivity to steroid hormones, inhibition of p300/CBP and CtBP activity | 33, 45 |
| dsDNA virus | Molluscum contagiosum virus | MC013L | Skin | Molluscum contagiosum | [69] |
| Hyposensitivity to glucocorticoids and vitamin D | |||||
| ssRNA retrovirus | HIV-1 | Vpr and Tat | T cells, fat, liver and muscle | Hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids, immunosuppression, muscle wasting, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus type 2 | [10] |
| Kaposi sarcoma | |||||
| gp120 | CNS | AIDS-related dementia and growth retardation | 12, 13 | ||
| Nef | Thyroid gland | Grave's disease | [15] | ||
| ssRNA retrovirus | HTLV-1 | Tax | T cells | Hypercalcemia (PTHrP) | [11] |