Table 5.

 Cellular content and cytokine/chemokine concentrations of nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) in children who had virus infection with or without bacterial colonization

Variable	Bronchiolitis with viral detection		Recurrent wheezing with viral detection
	Bacteria‐positive (n = 30)	Bacteria‐negative (n = 26)	Bacteria‐positive (n = 50)	Bacteria‐negative (n = 13)
Cytokine/chemokine (pg/mL)
IL‐8	1682 ± 462.5	1726 ± 427.7	2757 ± 1203	2213 ± 809.4
IL‐6	14.9 ± 6.1	56.1 ± 42.3	44.5 ± 25.7	44.2 ± 10.6
IL‐10	30.7 ± 8.0a	62.5 ± 24.1a	133.6 ± 55.4b	47.9 ± 10.8b
MCP‐1	14.5 ± 1.6	9.6 ± 2.0	13.5 ± 11.1	3.5 ± 1.1
Absolute number of cells in NPA (×105/mL)
Total number	20.60 ± 7.03	29.72 ± 6.50	68.57 ± 19.92	38.10 ± 19.60
Percentages of cell types in nucleated cells of NPA
Macrophage	23.61 ± 5.40	19.91 ± 4.68	26.73 ± 6.86c	40.71 ± 3.92c
Lymphocyte	1.15 ± 0.37	1.35 ± 0.75	2.96 ± 0.90	8.04 ± 1.94
Neutrophil	64.43 ± 5.70	68.04 ± 6.19	60.73 ± 7.81d	43.66 ± 4.67d

Note: All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

IL, interleukin; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein.

^aCalculated using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. p 0.0452 (considered to indicate statistical significance).

^bCalculated using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. p 0.0161 (considered to indicate statistical significance).

^cCalculated using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. p 0.0408 (considered to indicate statistical significance).

^dCalculated using the Mann–Whitney U‐test. p 0.0106 (considered to indicate statistical significance).