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. 2004 Sep 11;32(3):115–128. doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.07.001

Table 4.

Examples of laboratory model viruses that could be used for validation studies of antivenoms

Virus Family Envelope Size (nm) Genome Resistance Model for
Vesicular stomatitis virus Rhabdoviridae Yes 50–200 ss-RNA Low Relevant virus
West Nile virus Flaviridae Yes 40–70 ss-RNA Low Relevant virus; model for Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Sindbis Togaviridae 60–70 ss-RNA Low Eastern, western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus Togaviridae Yes 40–60 ss-RNA Low Eastern, western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Parainfluenza Paramyxoviridae Yes 100–200 ss-RNA Low Hendra virus; Nipah virus; Salem virus
Pseudorabies virus Herpes Yes 100–200 ds-DNA Medium Equine herpes virus
Reovirus type 3 Reoviridae No 60–80 ds-RNA Medium Equine encephalosis virus
Poliovirus; encephalomyocarditis virus; hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae No 25–30 ss-RNA Medium-high Equine rotavirus