Table 4.
Examples of laboratory model viruses that could be used for validation studies of antivenoms
Virus | Family | Envelope | Size (nm) | Genome | Resistance | Model for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vesicular stomatitis virus | Rhabdoviridae | Yes | 50–200 | ss-RNA | Low | Relevant virus |
West Nile virus | Flaviridae | Yes | 40–70 | ss-RNA | Low | Relevant virus; model for Eastern equine encephalitis virus |
Sindbis | Togaviridae | 60–70 | ss-RNA | Low | Eastern, western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | |
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus | Togaviridae | Yes | 40–60 | ss-RNA | Low | Eastern, western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus |
Parainfluenza | Paramyxoviridae | Yes | 100–200 | ss-RNA | Low | Hendra virus; Nipah virus; Salem virus |
Pseudorabies virus | Herpes | Yes | 100–200 | ds-DNA | Medium | Equine herpes virus |
Reovirus type 3 | Reoviridae | No | 60–80 | ds-RNA | Medium | Equine encephalosis virus |
Poliovirus; encephalomyocarditis virus; hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae | No | 25–30 | ss-RNA | Medium-high | Equine rotavirus |