Table 1.
Examples of VLPs used for vaccines and vaccine development
| Virus | Particle composition | Type/expression system | Size | Vaccine status | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HBV | Small envelope protein (HBsAg) | rec VLP (yeast) (Recombivax-HB; Engerix-B) | 22 nm | Licensed | [46], [47] |
| Small envelope protein (HBsAg) | rec VLP (potato) | 17 nm | Preclinical | [48] | |
| PreS1+2 and HBsAg | rec VLP (CHO cells) (Sci-B-Vac; BioHepB) | 22 nm | Licensed | [9], [10], [12], [13] | |
| HBsAg | Native SVP (plasma) | 22 nm | Licensed (developing world) | [49] | |
| HPV | L1, major capsid protein | recVLP (mammalian cells; baculovirus; yeast) Gardasil, Cervarix | 40–50 nm | Licensed | [50], [51], [52], [53] |
| HEV | Truncated major capsid protein (ORF2) | rec VLP (baculovirus) | 23.7 nm | Phase III | [54], [55], [56],[57] (review) |
| Influenza | HA, NA, matrix | recVLP (baculovirus) | 80–120 nm | Preclinical | [14], [15], [16] |
| HCV | Core, E1, E2 | recVLP (baculovirus) | 40–60 nm | Preclinical | [58], [59], [60], [61] |
| Poliovirus | Capsid (VP0,1,3) | recVLP (baculovirus) | 27 nm | None | [3] |
| HIV | Pr55gag, envelope | recVLP (baculovirus; mammalian cells; yeast) | 100–120 nm | Preclinical | [62], [63],[64], [65] (review) [18] (review) |
| Ebola virus; Marburg virus | Glycoprotein (GP) and matrix (VP40) | recVLP (mammalian cells) | Filovirus-like particle | Preclinical | [66], [67], [68] |
| Norwalk virus | capsid | rec VLP (baculovirus; transgenic potatoes) | 38 nm | Phase1 | [44], [69], [70] |
| Rotavirus | VP2,VP6,VP7 | recVLP (baculovirus) | 70–75 nm | Preclinical | [5], [71], [72] |
| SARS coronavirus | S, E and M | rec VLP (baculovirus) | 100 nm | Preclinical | [73] |
Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome.