Table 2.

Examples of chimeric VLPs as platforms for vaccine development

VLP platforms	Chimeric antigen(s)	Expression system	References
HBc	GFP; malaria epitopes; HBV preS1; immunodominant epitopes of numerous viral pathogens, including bacterial and protozoan epitopes (reviewed in [33])	E. coli	[33], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [41]
WHBc	Various model epitopes	E. coli	[79]
HBs	HCV HVR1; plant signal peptides; Dengue virus envelope protein; HIV gp41 2F5 epitope	Mammalian cells; tobacco plants; yeast	[80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]
HPV	SHIV (HIV tat, rev; SIV gag); HPV E6/E7	Baculovirus	[32], [86]
BPV	CTL epitopes of HPV and HIV	Baculovirus	[87]
Yeast Ty	HIV V3 loop; HIV p24; malaria epitopes	Yeast	[88], [89], [90]
HIV; SHIV gag	Various HIV env epitopes	Baculovirus; mammalian cells	[65] (review) [18] (review)
DHBV	HCV E2; various antigens	Yeast	Grgacic and Anderson, unpublished
HEV	HEV B cell epitope	Baculovirus	[91]
Phage Qbeta	Nicotine	E. coli	[2]

Abbreviations: HBc, hepatitis B virus core; WHBc, woodchuck hepatitis B virus core; HBs, hepatitis B virus S antigen; HPV, human papillomavirus; BPV, bovine papillomavirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SHIV, simian immunodeficiency virus HIV chimera; DHBV, duck hepatitis B virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus.