Table 3.
Aetiology of community‐acquired pneumonia in adults admitted to hospital (%). (Blank boxes indicate organism not sought)
| Reference | n | SP | HI | LP | SA | MC | GNEB | PA | MP | CS | CPne | CPsi | CB | Virus | Influenza |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angeles Marcos et al. [23] | 198 | 29.3 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 1.0 | 23.2 | 8.1 |
| Arancibia et al. [111] | 559 | 13.8 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 10.7 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 9.5 | 7.7 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 2.8 | |||
| Aubertin et al. [112] | 274 | 12.4 | 3.3 | 10.6 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 8.8 | – | – | 2.6 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.0 | |
| Ausina et al. [113] | 207 | 39.1 | 1.0 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 16.9 | – | – | 6.3 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.4 | |
| Berntsson et al. [114] | 127 | 54.3 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.2 | – | – | 2.4 | 0.0 | 18.1 | 12.6 | |
| Blanquer et al. [103] | 462 | 14.7 | 1.9 | 13.9 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 3.5 | – | – | 0.2 | 0.6 | 13.0 | 7.8 | |
| Blasi et al. [33] | 207 | 7.7 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 5.3 | 8.2 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | – | |
| Bohte et al. [34] | 334 | 26.9 | 7.8 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 5.7 | – | – | – | 0.3 | 8.1 | 4.2 | |
| BTS [104] | 453 | 34.0 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 17.9 | – | – | 2.9 | 1.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | |
| Burman et al. [115] | 196 | 32.1 | 4.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 8.7 | – | – | 3.1 | 0.0 | 21.9 | 8.7 | |
| Charles et al. [116] | 885 | 14 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 8 | |||
| de Roux et al. [22] | 338 | 41 | 14.5 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 12 | ||||||||
| Ewig et al. [19] | 204 | 19 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 6.5 | 4 | 2 | 10.5 | 10 | 0.5 | 3 | 3 | |
| Falco et al. [117] | 400 | 21.0 | 3.3 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.3 | – | – | 2.8 | 0.0 | – | – | |
| Falguera et al. [118] | 660 | 34 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 11 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | ||
| Garbino et al. [119] | 318 | 12.6 | 6 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 7.5 | 5.3 | |||||||
| GarciaVidal et al. [58] | 1634 | 26 | 7 | 7 | <1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | <1 | <1 | |||
| Ginesu et al. [37] | 520 | 10.8 | 32.9 | 0.4 | 0.9 | ||||||||||
| Gomez et al. [38] | 342 | 12.6 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | – | |
| Gutierrez et al. [120] | 493a | 16.8 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 7.7 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 4.1 | 2.8 | ||
| Holmberg [121] | 147 | 46.9 | 9.5 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 5.4 | – | – | 1.4 | 0.0 | 10.9 | 10.2 | |
| Hone et al. [122] | 50 | 20.0 | 16.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | – | – | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 10.0 | |
| Huang et al. [123] | 389b | 3.1 | 20.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 6.2 | 10.8 | 4.4 | ||||||
| Jennings et al. [27] | 304 | 31 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 31 | 10 | |||||||
| Johansson et al. [18] | 184 | 38 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 29 | 8 | ||||||
| Johnstone et al. [67] | 193 | 7 | 1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 4 | ||
| Leesik et al. [124] | 439 | 10.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 18.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.5 | ||||||
| Levy et al. [125] | 116 | 25.9 | 11.2 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 3.4 | – | – | 0.9 | 0.0 | 4.3 | – | |
| Logroscino et al. [46] | 613 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 4.2 | – | – | 3.1 | – | ||
| Lorente et al. [47] | 114 | 35.1 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 9.6 | 1.8 | – | 0.9 | – | – | ||
| Macfarlane et al. [126] | 127 | 75.6 | 3.1 | 15.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 2.4 | – | – | 5.5 | 0.8 | 8.7 | 5.5 | |
| Marrie et al. [127] | 539 | 2.2–8.1 | |||||||||||||
| McNabb et al. [128] | 80 | 50.0 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | – | – | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 6.3 | |
| Menendez et al. [51] | 184 | 23.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 14.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||
| Michetti et al. [52] | 60 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 11.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||
| Miyashita et al. [109] | 400 | 26.3 | 13 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4 | 2 | 9.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 3 | |||
| Ortqvist et al. [129] | 277 | 46.2 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 9.7 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 15.5 | 2.5 | |
| Ostergaard and Andersen 1993 [130] | 254 | 13.8 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 3.9 | – | – | 1.2 | 0.0 | – | – | |
| Pareja et al. [131] | 165 | 7.3 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 27.3 | 10.3 | – | – | 1.2 | 10.9 | 18.2 | 13.3 | |
| Ruf et al. [132] | 442 | 15.4 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 9.3 | – | – | 3.2 | 0.0 | 8.8 | 4.1 | |
| Ruiz et al. [54] | 395 | 16.5 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 9.9 | 5.8 | ||
| Saito et al. [26] | 232c | 24.6 | 18.5 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 5.2 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 16.4 | |
| Schneeberger et al. [133] | 159 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 8.2 | 12 | 3 | ||||||
| Socan et al. [55] | 211 | 5.7 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 5.7 | 18.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 24.2 | – | ||
| Sohn et al. [134] | 126 | 13.5 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 12.5 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 0 | ||||
| Song et al. [28] | 955 | 12 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 6 | |||||
| Sopena et al. [56] | 330 | 20.3 | 2.1 | 13.9 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 15.8 | 0.0 | 1.2 | – | – | ||
| Steinhoff et al. [57] | 237 | 8.6 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 6.3 | |||||||||
| Wattanathum et al. [25] | 147 | 22.4 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 3.4 | 17.7 | 0.7 | 6.8 | 16.3 | ||||||
| White et al. [135] | 210 | 11.4 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 14.3 | – | – | 1.4 | 2.9 | 14.8 | 12.4 | |
| Range | 3–76 | 1–21 | 1–14 | 0–4 | 0–4 | 0–33 | 0–12 | 0–18 | 0–16 | 0–18 | 0–6 | 0–11 | 1–24 | 0–13 |
SP, Streptococcus pneumoniae; HI, Haemophilus influenzae; LP, Legionella pneumophila; MC, Moraxella catarrhalis; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; GNEB, Gram‐negative enteric bacilli; PA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; CS, Chlamydia species (all); CPne, Chlamydophila pneumoniae; CPsi, Chlamydophila psittaci; CB, Coxiella burnetii.
a26.8% were outpatients.
b36.2% were outpatients.
c16% were outpatients.