Table 6.
Aetiology of exacerbations in patients with COPD (%). (Blank boxes indicate organism not sought)
| Reference | Sample | n | SP | HI | MC | SA | GNEB | PA | MP | CS | CPne | CPsi | CB | Virus | Influenza | PI | RV | Adv | RSV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamoudi [78] | Sputum | 139 | 4 | 12 | 25 | 9 | 12 | ||||||||||||
| Beaty et al. [152] | Serology | 44 | 4.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Carilli et al. [153] | Serology | 46 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 4.3 | 0 | 17.4 | ||||||||||||
| Eadie et al. [154] | Serology | 47 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 23.4 | 0 | |||||||||||||
| Eller et al. [76] | Sputum | 211 | 9 | 7.6 | 4 | 7.1 | 18.9 | 6.6 | |||||||||||
| Erkan et al. [155] | Sputum, Serology | 75 | 5 | 35 | 6 | 1 | 9 | 17 | |||||||||||
| Fagon et al. [156] | PSB | 54 | 8 | 26 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 6 | 3.5 | |||||||||||
| Groenewegen and Wouters 2003 [157] | Sputum | 171 | 14.0 | 22.2 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 7.6 | ||||||||||||
| Gump et al. [158] | Serology | 116 | 27.6 | 42.24 | 10.3 | 21.6 | 6.9 | 0.8 | 33.6 | 12.9 | 7.8 | 3.4 | 4.3 | ||||||
| Hutchinson et al. [81] | Sputum, Swab, Serology | 148 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 1 | |
| Karnak et al. [159] | Serology | 38 | 34.0 | 34.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Ko et al. [160] | Sputum | 418 | 4.0 | 23.1 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 5.2 | 6.3 | |||||||||||
| Ko et al. [83] | Sputum, Swab, Serology | 643 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| Lamy et al. [161] | Serology | 49 | 2.0 | 28.6 | 24.5 | 6.1 | |||||||||||||
| Lieberman et al. [162] | Serology | 62 | 11.3 | 11.3 | |||||||||||||||
| McManus 2008 [79] | Sputum | 136 | 37 | 2 | 24 | 7 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| McNamara et al. [163] | Serology | 42 | 9.5 | 0 | 0 | 42.8 | 11.9 | ||||||||||||
| Miravitlles et al. [77] | Sputum | 91 | 10 | 22 | 9 | 7 | 15 | ||||||||||||
| Mogulkoc et al. [164] | Serology Sputum | 49 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 22.4 | 22.4 | |||||||||||
| Monsòet al. [165] | PSB | 29 | 10.3 | 34.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | |||||||||||||
| Murphy et al. [166] | Sputum | 104 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||
| Papi et al. [167] | Sputum | 64 | 12.5 | 14.1 | 10.9 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 48.4 | 10.9 | 3 | 27 | 6 | ||||||
| Roche et al. [80] | Sputum | 200 | 8 | 26 | 6 | 6 | 9 | ||||||||||||
| Rohde et al. [168] | Sputum Nasal lavage | 85 | 56 | 20 | 7 | 25 | 15 | ||||||||||||
| Rosell et al. [169] | PSB | 86 | 7 | 30 | 7 | 0 | 16 | 9 | |||||||||||
| Ross et al. [170] | Serology | 125 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.4 | 1.6 | 3.2 | ||||||||||
| Seemungal et al. [171] | Serology Culture | 168 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 23.2 | |||||||||||
| de Serres et al. [172] | Sputum, Swab, Serology | 108 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 32 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 7 | |||||
| Soler et al. [173] | PSB | 50 | 8.0 | 22.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 14.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | ||||||
| Range | 8–28 | 0–42 | 3–11 | 4–22 | 5–19 | 0–18 | 0–10 | 0–34 | 0.34 | 12–49 | 0–29 | 0–25 | 0–43 | 0–17 |
SP, Streptococcus pneumoniae; HI, Haemophilus influenzae; MC, Moraxella catarrhalis; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; GNEB, Gram‐negative enteric bacilli; PA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; MP, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; CS, Chlamydia species (all); CPne, Chlamydophila pneumoniae; CPsi, Chlamydophila psittaci; CB, Coxiella burnetii; PI, Para‐influenza; RI, Rhino‐virus; RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus.