Table 1.

Potential pathogens of a future global pandemic.

Pathogen		Areas of High Risk	Modes of Transmission	Incubation	Common	Vaccine	Treatment
				Period	Symptoms
Influenza A		Asia, South East Asia,	Wild birds, poultry, pigs,	1-4 days	Productive cough, sore throat,	Fluvax®, inactivated split virion;	Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) 30-75mg
e.g. H1N1, H5N1,		Middle East	humans (respiratory)		fever, malaise, myalgia,	LAIV, live attenuated nasal spray	twice daily for 5 days;
H3N2					rhinitis		Zanamivir (Relenza) 10 mg
							inhaled every 12 hr for 5 days
MERS-CoV		Middle East, Asia	Bats, camels,	2-14 days	As above	No vaccine available	No antiviral treatment
			humans contact
Ebola		Central Africa, West Africa	Bats, human body fluids	2-21 days	Haemorrhage, fever, sore throat	No vaccine available	No antiviral treatment
					vomiting, diarrohea, muscular
					pain, headache, rash
MDR-Malaria		South East Asia, East Africa	Anopheles mosquito	9-14 days	Fever, headache, chills, vomiting	No vaccine available	ACTs† recommended
e.g. P. falciparum		South America					e.g. Artemether, 40 mg +
							lumefantrine, 240 mg twice a
							day for 3 days
Chikungunya		Africa, Southeast Asia, Asia,	Aedes mosquito	2-12 days	Biphasic fever, joint pain,	No vaccine available	No antiviral treatment
		Caribbean, Venezuela, USA,			maculopapular rash, uveitis,
		France, Italy, Australia			headache, vomiting, insomnia
Campylobacteria		South Asia,	Poultry, milk,	1-4 days	Acute watery diarrhea, fever	No vaccine available	Azithromycin, 500 mg
		South-east Asia	drinking water				once a day for 3 days
Salmonella		South Asia, Africa	Human contact, food,	5-14 days	Fever, headache, malaise,	Attenuated strain Ty21a	Ciprofloxacin, 20 mg/kg/day
Serovar typhi		South East Asia, Oceania	drinking water		abdominal pain, diarrhea	typhoid vaccine; Vi capsular	for 7 days; or Azithromycin,
						polysacchride typhoid vaccine;	20 mg/kg/day for 7 days
Nontyphoidal			Poutry, eggs, meat	8-24 hr		Killed whole-cell typhoid vaccine

Note: All figures were obtained from public domain. ^†ACT = Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy.