Table 1.

Summary of various surface bioaffinity sensing methods applied to a wide range of pathogens along with the type of surface probe used and the reported detection limit.

Technology platform	Target pathogens	Surface probes	Detection limit	Ref.
Fluorescence microscopy	Staphylococcal enterotoxin B	Antibody	103–106 cfu/mL	[10]
	Campylobacter jejuni	Antibody	500–3780 cfu/mL	[12]
	Salmonella typhi	Porphyrin	102 cells	[13]
	Dengue	Antibody	15 pmol/L	[60]
SPR	Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7	Antibody	103 cfu/mL	[17]
	Bacillus anthracis	Antibody	104 cfu/mL	[20]
	Fusarium culmorum	Oligonucleotide	0.06 pg/30 ng	[61]
	E. coli	Oligonucleotide	2 nM	[21]
	Brucella abortus, E. coli, Staphylococcus aures (S. aures)	Oligonucleotide	100 pM	[22]
QCM	Listeria monocitogenes	Antibody	107 cells/mL	[26]
	Salmonella	Antibody	104 cells/mL	[27]
	Dengue	Antibody	5 μg/mL	[28]
Optical waveguide	S. aures	Protein	4 × 103–1.6 × 106 cells/mL	[29]
	Yessotoxin	Enzyme	3.85 μM	[31]
	Bacillus globigii	Antibody	107 spores/mL	[32]
AFM	Herpes simplex virus	–	Single virus particle	[35]
	Moloney murine leukemia virus	Antibody	11–14 cells	[36]
	Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1	Antibody	25 fg/mL	[62]
Interferometer	Salmonella typhimurium	Antibody	1 × 104 cfu/mL	[39]
	Herpes simplex virus type 1	Antibody	850 particles/mL	[41]
SERS	Feline calicivirus	Antibody	1 × 106 viruses/mL	[47]
	Respiratory syncytial virus	–	100 pfu/mL	[48]