Table 2.
Common RNA virus infection in the absence of IFN-γ- or IL-12- and IL-23-mediated immunity in humans and mice
| Virus family | Humans |
Mice |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virus speciesa | No. of seropositiveb | Severe illness (infections)c | Virus speciesd | Apparenly normale | Abnormalf | |
| Orthomyxoviridae (ss) | IV | 1/1 (100%) | No case reported | IV | GKO [71], [72], [73], [74]; aG [75]; a12 [76] | |
| Paramyxoviridae (ss) | PIV | Positive serology [70] | One case | Sendai virus | GKO [90], [91]; 12KO [90], [92]; ag [91] | |
| Mumps virus | 1/1 (100%) | No case reported | No infection | |||
| Measles virus | 1/1 (100%) | No case reported | Measles virus | GKO [85], [86]; aG [87] | ||
| RSV | 1/1 (100%) | One case | RSV | 12KO [82], [83] | GKO [81], [82], [83]; aG [81]; a12 [84] | |
| Coronaviridae (ss) | HCV | No data | No case reported | MHV | 12KO [95] | GKO [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100]; aG [101] |
| Picornaviridae (ss) | Enterovirus | 10/10 (100%) | No case reported | Theilers’s virus | a12 [106] | GKO [104], [105]; aG [107], [108] |
| Coxackievirus B3 | GKO [80]; 12KO [79] | GKO [79] | ||||
| RV | Positive serology [70] | No case reported | No infection | |||
| HAV | 0/1 (0%) | No case reported | No infection | |||
| Reoviridae (ds) | Rotavirus | Positive serology [70] | No case reported | Rotavirus | GKO [77], [78] | |
| Reovirus | GKO [56]; aG [88]; a12 [89] | |||||
| Togaviridae (ss) | Rubella | 0/1 (0%) | No case reported | No infection | ||
IV, influenza virus; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HCV, human coronavirus; RV, reovirus; HAV, hepatitis A virus. These RNA viruses are considered ubiquitous since >98% of individuals are seropositive at 10 years. Most individuals are immunized for Mumps, Measles, RSV, HCV, Poliovirus, Enterovirus, RV, HAV, Rotavirus, Reovirus, Rubella.
Data from IL-12β1, IL-12p40, IFNγR1, IFN-γR2 and STAT1 deficient patients; mean±S.D. age (years) of the patients in which the specific seropositivity was evaluated: IV, Mumps virus, Measles virus and RSV: 33, Enterovirus 19±11, HAV 22, Rubella 1.
An abnormal immune defense refers to more severe infection or disease in patients with impaired IFN-γ- or IL-12/IL-23-mediated responses than in healthy individuals.
Species related to human-tropic virus; non-human, mouse-tropic virus species are indicated in italics; MHV, murine hepatitis virus.
An apparently normal immune defense refers to a comparable disease or in vitro response between mice with or without impaired IFNγ- or IL-12/IL-23-mediated responses.
An abnormal immune defense refers to a more severe disease or in vitro immune response in mice with impaired IFNγ- or IL-12/IL-23-mediated response; GKO: IFN-γ and IFN-γR1KO mice; aG: anti-IFNγ antibody-treated mice; 12KO: IL-12p40 and IL-12Rβ1 mice; a12: anti-IL-12 antibody-treated mice. Infection routes: intraperitoneal [56], [73], [77], [88], [93], [95], [96], [97], [98], [101], intranasal [71], [72], [75], [81], [82], [83], [90], [91], [94], intratracheal [74], [83], [92], intracerebral [84], [85], [86], [99], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], oral [72], [73]. References for each of the experimental infection are indicated. Genetic backgrounds were: IFN-γKO mice Balb/c [79]: IFN-γKO mice: Balb/C [74], [81], [82], [90], [93], [94]; C57BL/6 [71], [72], [77], [78], [87], [96], [98], [99], [100]; human CD46TG X IFN-γKO mice: C57BL/6 [86]; IFN-γR1KO mice: 129/SV/E [56], [73], [78], [82], [93], [95], [105]; C57BL/6 [97]; anti-IFNγ antibody-treated mice: Balb/C [75], [81], [84], [106]; SJL/J [106]; C57BL/6/10NSJ [107]; A/J [100]; DBA-1 [88]; p40IL-12KO mice: Balb/C [82], [90]; 129/SV/EV [83]; IL-12Rβ1KO mice: Balb/c [79]; C57BL/6 [92]; anti-IL-12 antibody-treated mice: Balb/C [76]; SJL/J [105]; DBA-1 [89]; C57BL/6 [84].