Table 3.
Rare virus infection in the absence of IFN-γ- or IL-12/IL-23-mediated immunity in humans and mice
| Virus family | Humans |
Mice |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virus speciesa | No. of seropositiveb | Severe illness (infections)c | Virus speciesd | Apparently normale | Abnormalf | |
| Poxviridae (ds DNA) | VV | No data | No lesion reported | VV | GKO, aG [111], [112], [113] | |
| EV | GKO [136]; aG [135] | |||||
| Picornaviridae (RNA ss) | EMCV | No data | No case reported | EMCV | GKO [115] | |
| Rhabdoviridae (RNA ss) | VSV | No data | No case reported | VSV | GKO [112], [116], [117]; 12KO [118]; aG [119] | |
| Togaviridae (RNA ss) | SFV | No data | No case reported | SFV | GKO [112] | 12KO [121] |
| SV | No data | No case reported | SV | GKO [122] | ||
| EAV | No data | No case reported | LDV | GKO, aG [139], [140] | ||
| YF | No data | No case reported | YF | GKO [123] | ||
| Flaviviridae (RNA ss) | WNV | No data | No case reported | WNV | GKO [114] | |
| Arenaviridae (RNA ss) | LCMV | No data | No case reported | LCMV | 12KO [118]; a12 [132], [133], [134] | GKO [112], [118], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129]; aG [119], [130], [131] |
| Retroviridae (RNA ss) | HIV1 | 0/17 (0%) | No case reported Increased in vitro replication [109] | FV | 12KO [145] | GKO [145], [146]; aG [146] |
| MMTV | GKO [147] | |||||
| LP-BM5 | aG [143], [144]; a12 [143] | GKO [141], [142] | ||||
VV, vaccinia virus; EMCV, encephalomyocarditis virus; VSV, vescicular stomatitis virus; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SV, Sindbis virus; EAV, equine arteritis virus; YF, yellow fever virus; WNV, West Nile virus; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; mouse permissive or mouse specific tropic viruses are indicated in italics. These RNA viruses are considered limited or rare since <10% of individuals are seropositive at 10 years.
Data from IL-12β1, p40IL-12, IFNγR1, IFN-γR2 and STAT1 deficient patients; mean±S.D. age (years) of the patients in which the specific seropositivity was evaluated: HIV, 22±13.
An abnormal immune defense refers to more severe infection or disease in patients with impaired IFN-γ- or IL-12/IL-23-mediated responses than in healthy individuals.
Species related to human-tropic virus; non-human, mouse-tropic virus species are indicated in italics. EV, echromelia virus; LDV, lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus; FV, Friend virus; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus, LP-BM5 is a defective murine leukemia virus (MuLV).
An apparently normal immune defense refers to a comparable disease or in vitro response between mice with or without impaired IFNγ- or IL-12-mediated response.
An abnormal immune defense refers to a more severe disease or in vitro immune response in mice with impaired IFNγ- or IL-12/IL-23-mediated response; GKO: and IFN-γR1KO mice; aG: anti-IFNγ antibody treated-mice; 12KO: IL-12p40 and IL-12Rβ1 KO mice; a12: anti-IL-12 antibody-treated mice. Infection routes: intravenous [112], [117], [126], [131], [142]; intraperitoneal [113], [114], [125], [126], [139], [140], [141]; intradermal [112], [125], [135], [136]; intracerebral [115], [123], [127], [128]; intranasal [116], [121]; milk [147]. References for each of the experimental infection are indicated. Genetic backgrounds were: IFN-γKO mice: Balb/C [112], [125], [127], [128], [141], [149]; C57BL/6 [114], [116], [117], [123], [127], [128], [145], [147]; IFN-γR1KO mice: 129/SV/E [112], [115], [122], [126], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140]; Balb/C [147]; anti-IFNγ antibody-treated mice: Balb/C [113], [132], [142]; C57BL/6 [112], [119], [135], [143], [144]; 129/SV/E [113]; CBA/Ht [140]; IL-12p40KO mice: C57BL/6 [118], [121], [145]; anti-IL-12-antibody treated mice: Balb/C [143].