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Age-associated alterations in the respiratory system
| Loss of lung elastic recoil |
| Elastin loss |
| Altered collagen cross-linking |
| Decreased chest wall compliance |
| Loss of gas exchange surface area |
| Increased ventilation–perfusion mismatching |
| Decline in respiratory muscle strength |
| Diminished response to hypercapneic or hypoxic stimuli |
| Lower maximal aerobic capacity |
