Table 3.

Some representatives of Lamiaceae family with anti-HIV activity.

Plant species	Type of extract	EC (μg/ml)	SI	Additional comments	References
Thymussp.
T. quinquecostatus	AE	31	4	•activity in co-cultures of cells •weak activity against RT	[46]
T. serpyllum	AE	31	4	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]
T. vulgaris	AE	62	4		[46]
	ME	>500	<3.00		[47]
T. daenensis subspecies daenensis	ME	300	5.26	•ME of plant’s root increased PBMC and reduced CD4 receptor density	[47]
T. daenensis subspecies lancifolius	ME	>500	<3.16		[47]
T. kotschyanus	ME	>500	<3.18		[47]
T. carmanicus	ME	>500	<3.11		[47]
Menthasp.
Mentha × piperita var. citrata	AE	16	16	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]
Mentha × piperita s.l.–“grapefruit mint”	AE	16	8	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]
Mentha × piperita	AE	62	4		[46]
	AE	–	–	•activity in both in vitro and ex vivo cell lines, without noticed toxicity	[48]
	EE	125	2		[46]
M. spicata	AE	31	8	•activity in co-cultures of cells •weak activity against RT	[46]
M. pulegium	AE	62	2		[46]
	EE	125	4
M. suaveolens	AE	250	4		[46]
	EE	62	4		[46]
M. haplocalyx	AE	–	–	•weak activity against HIV protease	[49]
	ME	–	–	•weak activity against HIV protease	[49]
Rosmarinussp.
R. officinalis	AE	62	4		[46]
	EE	250	2		[46]
	EE	–	–	•extract was found to be relatively non toxic, but there was a lack of significant effect against HIV	[50]
	EE	–	–	•extract was found to be toxic •also, commercially available mixture with rosemary, sage, thyme and oregano was also toxic	[51]
Melissasp.
M. officinalis	AE	16	4	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]
	AE	–	–	•activity in both in vitro and ex vivo cell lines, without noticed toxicity •activity against both enfuvirtide susceptible and resistant strains	[48]
Origanumsp.
O. majorana	AE	31	8	•activity in co-cultures of cells •weak activity against RT	[46]
O. vulgare	AE	31	8	•activity in co-cultures of cells •weak activity against RT	[46]
Ocimumsp.
O. basilicum	AE	31	4	•activity in co-cultures of cells •weak activity against RT	[46]
	EE	125	>8		[46]
O. basilicum cultivar ”cinnamon”	AE	16	8	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]
	EE	1000	>1		[46]
O. gratissimum	AE	10	110	•activity in co-cultures of cells •activity against RT and proviral DNA copying •activity against HIV-2 (EC = 75 μg/ml, SI = 14.7)	[52]
Prunellasp.
P. vulgaris	AE	–	–	•several researches demonstrated inhibition of HIV replication, without exhibited toxicity •concentrations displaying activity varied in wide range, approx. 1–68 μg/ml	[46,[53], [54], [55], [56], [57]]
	AE	–	–	•activity in co-cultures of cells	[46,54,55,57]
	AE	–	–	•inhibition of interaction between HIV gp120 and target CD4 receptor	[54,58]
	AE	–	–	•activity against RT	[46,58]
	AE	–	–	•dose-dependent activity against RT in non-competitive manner	[55]
	AE	–	–	•potent activity against HIV protease	[49]
	AE	–	–	•moderate activity against HIV integrase	[59]
	AE	–	–	•potent activity against gp41 six-helix bundle formation	[60]
	EE			•less potent than AE	[56]
	EE	–	–	•CXCR4 and CCR5 chemokine co-receptors were down-regulated both in vitro and in vivo in healthy volunteers	[57]
	ME	–	–	•weak activity against HIV protease	[49]
	EAE	–	–	•lack of activity	[55]
Hyssopussp.
H. officinalis	AE	–	–	•several dilutions of crude extract displayed good to high activity, without noticed toxicity •several sub-fractions also displayed anti-HIV activity	[61]
	EE	–	–	•extract was found to be relatively non toxic, but there was a lack of significant effect against HIV	[50]
Salviasp.
S. officinalis	AE	62	4	•activity against HIV-1, both in vitro and ex vivo	[46]
	AE	–	–	•activity in both in vitro and ex vivo cell lines, without noticed toxicity	[48]
S. elegans	AE	31	2	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]
	EE	31	2		[46]
S. sclarea	AE	250	2		[46]
S. miltiorrhiza	AE	–	–	•inhibition of interaction between HIV gp120 and target CD4 receptor •weak activity against RT	[58]
	EE	–	–	•CCR5 chemokine co-receptors were down-regulated	[57]
S. triloba	EE	–	–	•extract was found to be extremely toxic	[50]
Saturejasp.
S. hortensis	AE	62	1		[46]
S. montana	AE	16	4	•activity in co-cultures of cells •potent activity against RT	[46]

- Assay was not conducted/not applicable.

EC- effective concentration, which displays activity against HIV.

SI- selectivity index, ratio between toxic and effective concentration, parameter of (non) toxicity.

AE- aqueous extract.

EE- ethanolic extract.

ME- methanolic extract.

EAE- ethyl acetate extract.

RT- reverse transcriptase.

PBMC- peripheral blood mononuclear cells.