Table 4.

Some representatives of Lamiaceae family with antiviral activities against other viruses.

Plant species	Type of extract (with main compound(s))	Additional comments	References
DNA Viruses With Envelopes
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
thyme	EO (p-cymen and thymol)	•activity against HSV-1 •thyme species was not precisely determined	[62]
Thymus vulgaris	EO (thymol and carvacrol)	•activity against HSV-1 •activity against both acyclovir resistant and susceptible strains	[63]
	EO (thymol and p-cymen)	•activity against HSV-2	[64]
	AE	•activity against HSV-2	[65]
Thymus capitata	AE (derivate of apigenin), EE (thymol) and EO (thymol)	•activity against bovine herpes virus (BHV-1), virus sometimes used as model for herpes virus	[66]
Thymus linearis	ME	•activity against HSV-1	[67]
Mentha × piperita	EO (menthol and menthon)	•activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 •activity against both acyclovir resistant and susceptible strains	[68]
Mentha suaveolens	EO (piperitenon oxide)	•activity against HSV-1 •synergistic effect with acyclovir	[69]
Rosmarinus officinalis	AE	•activity against HSV-2	[64]
Melissa officinalis	EO (β-cubebene and β-caryophyllene)	•activity against HSV-2	[70]
	EO (geranial, β-caryophyllen and neral)	•activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2	[71]
	AE, EE	•activity against HSV-1 •no activity in rabbits (eye infection)	[72]
	AE	•activity against HSV-1	[73]
	AE	•activity against HSV-1 •activity against both acyclovir resistant and susceptible strains	[74]
	EE	•activity against HSV-2	[75]
	cream containing extract	•efficient in patients with recurrent herpes simplex labialis •type of extract was not specified	[76]
Ocimum basilicum	AE, EE	•activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 •AE was more potent than EE	[77]
Hyssopus officinalis	EO (isopinocamphone and 1-pinocamphone)	•activity against HSV-1 •activity against both acyclovir resistant and susceptible strains	[78]
	EO (isopinocamphone and 1-pinocamphone)	•activity against HSV-2	[64]
Salvia officinalis	AE, EE	•activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 •EE was more potent than AE	[71]
	AE	•no activity against HSV-2	[64]
	EO (1,8-cineol and α-thujone)	•activity against HSV-1	[79]
	creams containing extract	•efficient in patients with recurrent herpes simplex labialis •sage, as well as sage and rhubarb mixture were both efficient	[80]
Satureja boliviana	AE, EE	•activity against HSV-1 •EE was found to be toxic	[81]
Satureja thymbra	EO (p-cymene, α-pinene and thymol)	•activity against HSV-1	[79]
hepatitis B virus
Ocimum basilicum	AE, EE	•AE was more potent than EE	[77]
RNA Viruses With Envelopes
influenza virus
Thymus linearis	ME	•no activity against human H1N1	[67]
Melissa officinalis	EO (geranial and neral)	•activity against avian H9N2 •synergistic effect with oseltamivir	[82]
	EE	•activity against human H1N1	[83]
Ocimum sanctum	ME	•no activity against H1N1 in ovo	[84]
Prunella vulgaris	AE	•activity against H1N1	[85]
mumps, measles, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
Thymus vulgaris	AE	•activity against all viruses	[64]
Rosmarinus officinalis	AE	•activity against all viruses	[64]
Salvia officinalis	AE	•activity against all viruses	[64]
Satureja boliviana	AE,EE	•activity against VSV •EE was found to be toxic	[81]
Newcastle Disease virus
Thymus vulgaris	EE	•activity in ovo	[86]
SARS coronavirus
Salvia officinalis	EO (1,8-cineol and α-thujone)		[79]
Satureja thymbra	EO (p-cymene, α-pinene and thymol)	•no activity	[79]
bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Ocimum basilicum	EO	•virus sometimes used as a surrogate model for hepatitis C virus	[87]
yellow fever virus
Origanum vulgare	EO (trans sabinene)		[88]
dengue virus
Ocimum sanctum	ME	•no activity against serotype 1 •high toxicity for cells	[89]
ebola virus
Prunella vulgaris	AE		[90]
equine infectious anemia virus
Prunella vulgaris	AE, EE	•AE was more potent than EE	[91]
Japanese encephalitis virus, Sindbis
Salvia miltiorrhiza	AE, EAE	•no activity against these viruses	[92]
DNA Viruses Without Envelopes
adenovirus
Thymus mastichina	EO	•no activity against human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV-2)	[93]
Ocimum basilicum	AE, EE	•activity against ADV-3, ADV-8, ADV-11	[77]
Hyssopus officinalis	EO	•no activity against human adenovirus serotype 2 (HAdV-2)	[93]
RNA Viruses Without Envelopes
echovirus 9
Salvia miltiorrhiza	AE, EAE	•no activity against these viruses	[92]
polio virus
Satureja boliviana	AE	•no activity against poliovirus type 1	[81]
norovirus
Thymus mastichina	EO	•no activity against murine norovirus MNV-1	[93]
Origanum vulgare	EO	•activity against murine norovirus	[94]
Hyssopus officinalis	EO	•no activity against murine norovirus MNV-1	[93]
coxsackie virus
Mentha haplocalyx	AE	•activity against coxsackie virus A16 •inhibition of inflammatory response of cell culture during viral replication	[94]
Ocimum basilicum	AE, EE	•activity against coxsackie virus B1 •AE was more potent than EE	[77]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	AE, EAE	•no activity against coxsackie virus A16	[92]
enterovirus
Mentha haplocalyx	AE	•no activity against enterovirus 71	[94]
Ocimum basilicum	AE, EE	•activity against enterovirus 71 •AE and EE were equally active	[77]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	AE, EAE	•activity against three genotypes of enterovirus 71	[92]

EO- essential oil.

AE- aqueous extract.

EE- ethanolic extract.

ME- methanolic extract.