Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of ICU patients with confirmed acute respiratory illness.
| Study | Yang et al., 2020 [1] | Rello et al., 2009 [2] |
|---|---|---|
| Illness | SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia | influenza A (H1N1)pdm2009 |
| Total patients with confirmed illness | 52 | 32 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 59.7 (13.3) | 40 (13.9) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 35 (67%) | 21 (65.6%) |
| Female | 17 (33%) | 34.4% (11) |
| Days from onset symptoms to ICU admission, median (IQR) | 9.5 (7–12.5) | 3 (2-6) |
| Days from onset symptoms to diagnosis, median (IQR) | 5 (3-7) | 2 (1-6) |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 16.7 (1.3) | 13.8 (6.4) |
| SOFA score, mean (SD) | - | 7.1 (3.3) |
| Signs and symptomsa | ||
| Fever | 98% | 96% |
| Cough | 77% | 88% |
| Dyspnoea | 63.5% | - |
| Malaise | 35% | 30% |
| Myalgia | 11.5% | 69% |
| Headache | 6% | 45.9% |
| Rhinorrhoea | 6% | - |
| Vomiting | 4% | - |
| Arthralgia | 2% | - |
| Chest pain | 2% | - |
| Sore throat | - | 58% |
| Sudden onset symptoms | - | 46% |
| Treatment | ||
| Antibacterial agents | 49 (94%) | 32 (100%) |
| beta-lactam plus fluoroquinolones | - | 20 (62.5%) |
| beta-lactam plus macrolides | - | 6 (18.7%) |
| beta-lactam plus linezolid | - | 5 (15.6%) |
| levofloxacin as monotherapy | - | 1 (3.1%) |
| Steroids | 30 (58%) | 11 (34.4%) |
| MV | 37 (71%) | 24 (75%) |
| Invasive | 22 (42%) | 16 (66.6%) |
| Non-invasive | 29 (56%) | 8 (33.3%) |
| HFNC | 33 (63.5%) | - |
| Immunoglobulin | 28 (54%) | - |
| Antiviral agents | 23 (44%) | 21 (65.6%) |
| Oseltamivir standard dose (75 mg twice/daily) | 18 (35%) | 32 (100%) |
| Oseltamivir high dose (150 mg twice/daily) | - | 10 (31.2%) |
| Ganiciclovir | 14 (27%) | - |
| Lopinavir | 7 (13.5%) | - |
| Vasoconstrictive agents | 18 (35%) | 20 (62.5%) |
| Renal replacement therapy | 9 (17%) | 7 (21.9%) |
| Prone position ventilation | 6 (11.5%) | 8 (33%) |
| ECMO | 6 (11.5%) | Not implemented |
| Comorbidities/Complications | ARDS: 35 (67%) | Obesity: 10 (31.3%) |
| Hyperglycaemia: 18 (35%) | BMI 30 to 40: 6 (18.7%) | |
| Acute kidney injury: 15 (29%) | Asthma: 5 (15.6%) | |
| Liver dysfunction: 15 (29%) | BMI > 40: 4 (12.5%) | |
| Cardiac injury: 12 (23%) | COPD: 4 (12.5%) | |
| HAP: 7 (13.5%) | Pregnancy: 2 (6.3%) | |
| Gastrointestinal haemorrhage: 2 (4%) | Heart failure: 1 (3.1%) | |
| Pneumothorax: 1 (2%) | Arterial hypertension: 1 (3.1%) | |
| Bacteraemia: 1 (2%) | Chronic renal failure: 1 (3.1%) | |
| Urinary tract infection: 1 (2%) | Diabetes mellitus: 1 (3.1%) | |
| HIV: 1 (3.1%) | ||
| Neuromuscular disease: 1 (3.1%) | ||
| Haematologic disease: 1 (3.1%) | ||
| Pathogens identified | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 (2%) | 3 (9.3%) |
| Aspergillus flavus | 1 (2%) | 1 (3.1%) |
| Aspegillus.fumigates | 1 (2%) | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 (2%) | - |
| Serratia marcescens | 1 (2%) | - |
| Invasive candidiasis | 1 (2%) | - |
| Overall 28-day Mortality | 32 (61.5%) | 16 (30.8%) |
| Length of MV for survivors, median (IQR) | - | 10 (1-21) |
SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SD: standard desviation; IQR: interquartile range; ICU: intensive care unit; APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; MV: mechanical ventilation; HFNC: High-flow nasal cannula; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; HAP: hospital-acquired pneumonia; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV: positive human immunodeficiency virus; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation
Rello et al. reported signs and symptoms from a total of 735 cases of influenza A (H1N1)v that were confirmed in Spain in 2009.