Table 5.
Literature review of CT imaging manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia.
| Patient Characteristics |
CT findings |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author, Publication data [Reference No.] | No. of Patients | Age (mean) | Sex | Time Between Onset & 1 st | GGO | Consolidation | Distribution and/or Location | Other findings |
| Huang, 24 January 2020 [5] | 41 | 49 | F: 11 M: 30 | 8 | Typically present | Typically present | Bilateral: 40 (98%) | |
| Chen, 29 January 2020 [16] | 99 | 55.5 | F: 32 M: 67 | N.R. | 14 (14%) | 99 (100%) | Bilateral 74 (75%) Unilateral 25 (25%) | |
| M. Chung, 3 February 2020 [23] | 21 | 51 | F: 8 M: 13 | N.R. | 18 (86%) | 6 (29%) | Bilateral: 16 (76%) Unilateral: 2 (24%) Peripheral distribution: 7 (33%) | Crazy paving: 4 (19%) |
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 3 (14%) | ||||||||
| Song, 6 February 2020 [24] | 51 | 49 | F: 26 M: 25 | median 4 days (range 1 - 14) | pure GGO 39 (77%); GGO with consolidation 30 (59%) | 28 (55%) | Bilateral: 44 (86%); Lower lobes: 46 (90%); Peripheral: 44 (86%) | Crazy paving: 38 (75%) |
| Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 11 (22%) | ||||||||
| Air broncograms: 41 (80%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 3 (6%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 4 (8%) | ||||||||
| Yueying Pan, 6 February 2020 [25] | 63 | 44.9 | F: 30 M: 33 | N.R. | 54 (85.7%) | 12 (19.0%) | Number of affected lobes: 3.3 | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 11 (17.5%) |
| Dawei Wang, 7 February 2020 [26] | 138 | 56 | F: 63 M: 75 | N.R. | 138 (100%) | Bilateral: 138 (100%) | ||
| NG Ming-Yen, 13 February 2020 [27] | 21 | 56 | F: 8 M: 13 | 3 | 18 (86%) | 13 (62%) | Peripheral: 18(86%) Perihilar 1(5%) Upper zone: 3(14%) Lower zone: 8(38%) Similar upper and lower zone involvement: 8(38%) | |
| Pan, 13 February 2020 [28] | 21 | 40 | F: 15 M: 6 | 9-13 days | 15 (71%) | 19 (91%) | Single lobe: 3(14%); Bilateral Multilobe: 18(86%); Peripheral: 13 (62%); Random: 7(33%); Diffuse: 1(4.8%) | Crazy Paving: 4 (19%) |
| Rui Han, 15 February 2020 [29] | 108 | 45 | F: 70 M: 38 | 1–3 days (median, 1 day) | 65(60%); GGO with consolidation: 44(41%) | 6 (6%) | Peripheral: 97 (90%); Central: 2 (2); Peripheral and central: 9 (8%) | Crazy Paving: 43 (40%) |
| Air broncograms: 52 (48%) | ||||||||
| Yicheng Fang, 19 February 2020 [6] | 51 | 45 | F: 22 M: 29 | N.R. | 36 (72%)* | N.R. | peripherical: 36(72%), lower lobes: 36(72%) | * 36 (72%) typical CT manifestations (e.g. peripheral, subpleural ground glass opacities, often in the lower lobes); 14 (28%) atypical CT manifestations. |
| Xi Xu, 19 February 2020 [7] | 90 | 50 | F: 51 M: 39 | N.R. | 65 (72%) | 12 (13%) | Periphery: 46 (51%) Bilateral: 53 (59%) Upper lobes: 40 (44%) Lower lobes: 47 (52%) | Crazy Paving: 11 (12%) |
| Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 33 (37%) | ||||||||
| Air broncograms: 7 (8%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 55 (61%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 1 (1%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 4 (4%) | ||||||||
| Pleural retraction sign / thickening: 50 (56%) | ||||||||
| Wei Zhao, 19 February 2020 [8] | 101 | 44.44 | F: 45 M: 56 | N.R. | 87 (86.1%) | 44 (43.6%) | Unilateral: 10 (9.9%); Bilateral: 83 (82.2%); Periferical: 88(87.1%); Central: 1(1.0%); Lower lobes: 55(54.5%); Upper lobes: 6 (5.9%); | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 49 (48.5%) |
| Vascular enlargemen: 72 (71.3%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 1 (1.0%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 14 (13.9%) | ||||||||
| Zhou, 19 February 2020 [9] | 62 | 52.8 | F: 23 M: 39 | 10 patients: 1–7 days (mean, 2.2 ± 1.8 days); 52 patients: 1–14 days (mean, 6.6 ± 4.0 days) | 25 (40.3%) | 21 (33.9%) | Single lesion: 10 (16.1%); Multiple lesion: 52 (83.9%); Peripheral: 48 (77,4%); Peripheral and central: 14 (22.6%) | Crazy Paving: 39 (62.9%) |
| Air broncograms: 45 (72.6%) | ||||||||
| Vascular enlargement: 28 (45.2%) | ||||||||
| Vacuolar sign: 34 (54.8%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 35 (56.5%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 6 (9.7%) | ||||||||
| Pleural retraction sign / thickening: 35 (56.5%) | ||||||||
| Bernheim, 20 February 2020 [10] | 121 | 45.3 | F: 60 M: 61 | 36 patients: 0-2 days; 33 patients: 3-5 days; 25 patients: 6-12 days; 27 patients: unknown | 92 (76%) | 53 (43.8%) | Bilateral: 73 (60%); Right lower lobe: 79 (65%); Left lower lobe: 76 (63%); Peripheral: 63 (52%) | Crazy Paving: 6 (5%) |
| "Reversed halo" sign: 2 (2%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 9 (7%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 1 (1%) | ||||||||
| Yu-Huan Xu, 21 February 2020 [11] | 50 | 43.9 | F: 21 M: 29 | N.R. | 21 (75.0%) | 6 (21.4%) | Peripheral: 27(96.4%); Central: 14(50.0%); Peripheral involving central: 12(42.9%); Symmetrical: 15(53.6%) | Thickened intralobular septa: 21(75.0%); Thickened interlobular septa: 20(71.4%) |
| Air broncograms: 15 (53.6%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 1 (3.6%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 2 (7.1%) | ||||||||
| Yan Li, 21 February 2020 [12] | 51 | 58 | F: 24 M: 29 | N.R. | 46 (90.20%) | 31 (60.78%) | Single lobe: 3 (5.9%) Bilateral Multilobe: 32 (94,1%) Peripheral and subpleural: 49 (96.1%) | Crazy Paving: 36 (70.6%) |
| Air broncograms: 35 (68.6%) | ||||||||
| "Reversed halo" sign: 2 (3.9%) | ||||||||
| Vascular enlargement: 42 (82.4%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 1 (2%) | ||||||||
| Wu, 21 February 2020 [13] | 80 | 44 | F: 38 M: 42 | 7 ± 4 | 73 (91%) | 50 (63%) | Subpleural: 42 (53%); Diffuse: 7 (9%); Peribronchial: 3 (4%); Mixed: 24 (30%) | Crazy Paving: 23 (29%) |
| Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 47 (59%) | ||||||||
| Spider web sign: 20 (25%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 3 (4%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 5 (6%) | ||||||||
| Heshui Shi, 24 February 2020 [14] | 81 | 49,5 | F: 39 M: 42 | N.R. | 53 (65,4%) | 14 (17,3%) | Unilateral:17 (21%) Bilateral: 64 (79%) Central: 10 (12,4%); Periferical:44 (54,3%) Both central and peripheral:27 (33,3%); | Crazy paving: 8 (9,9%) |
| Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 3 (3,7%) | ||||||||
| Air broncograms: 38 (46,9%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 5 (6,2%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 4 (4,9%) | ||||||||
| Pleural retraction sign / thickening: 26 (32,1%) | ||||||||
| Yang, 26 February 2020 [15] | 149 | 45.11 | F: 68 M: 81 | median 7.61 days (range 0 - 7) | reported as GGO on 287 (12.1%) segments and mixed GGO on 637 (26.8%) segments | reported as present on 170 (7.2%) segments | Peripheral 35.9%; central 2.15%; both 8.12% | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 79 (53%) |
| Air broncograms: 81 (54%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 31 (21%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 7 (5%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 10 (7%) | ||||||||
| T. Ai, 26 February 2020 [17] | 1014 | 51 | F: 547 M: 467 | N.R. | 409 (40%) | 447 (44%) | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 8 (8%) | |
| Kunhua Li, 29 february 2020 [18] | 83 | 45.5 | F: 39 M: 44 | 58 patients: median 6 days (range: 3 - 8.5 days); 25 patients: median 8 days (range: 6 - 12 days) | 81 (97.6%) | 53 (63.9%) | Bilateral: 79 (95.2%); lower lobe: 80 (96.4%); right lower lobe: 78 (94%); left lower lobe: 80 (96.4%) | Crazy Paving: 30 (36.1%) |
| Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 52 (62.7%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 54 (65.1%) | ||||||||
| Spider web sign: 21 (25.3%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 7 (8.4%) | ||||||||
| Pleural retraction sign / thickening: 7 (8.4%) | ||||||||
| Xiong, 3 March 2020 [19] | 42 | 49.5 | F: 17 M: 25 | mean 4.5 days (range 1-11 days) | n of lobes with opacification 158/210 (75%) | 23 (55%) | Single lobe: 10 (24%); Bilateral Multilobe: 32 (76%); Central: 5 (12%); Peripheral: 12 (29%); Both central and peripheral: 25 (59%) | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 17 (41%) |
| Air broncograms: 14 (33%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 15 (36%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 12 (29%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 5 (12%) | ||||||||
| W. Guan, 6 March 2020 [2] | 1099 | 47.0 | F: 459 M: 640 | N.R. | 550 (56.4%) | 409 (41.9%) | Bilateral: 505 (51.8%) | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 143 (14.7%) |
| Harrison X. Bai, 10 March 2020 [20] | 219 | 44.8 | F: 100 M: 119 | 4.9 | 200 (91%) | 150 (69%) | Unilateral: 41 (19%) Bilateral: 165 (75%) central: 3 (1%) periferical: 176 (80%) Central + Peripheral: 31 (14%) | Crazy paving: 11 (5%) |
| Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 123 (56%) | ||||||||
| Air broncograms: 30 (14%) | ||||||||
| "Reversed halo" sign: 11 (5%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 111 (51%) | ||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy: 6 (3%) | ||||||||
| Pleural Effusion: 9 (4%) | ||||||||
| Pleural retraction sign / thickening: 32 (15%) | ||||||||
| Dahai Zhao, 13 March 2020 [21] | 19 | 48 | F: 8 M: 11 | 5 | 17 (89.47%) | N.R. | Single lobe: 4 (21.05%) Bilateral: 15 (78.95%) | |
| Cheng, 14 March 2020 [22] | 11 | 50.36 | F: 3 M: 8 | N.R. | GGO 11 (100%); Mixed GGO 7 (63.6%) | 6 (54.5%) | Peripheral: 11 (100%); right lower lobe: 8 (72.7%); left lower lobe: 7 (63.6%) | Interstitial thickening or reticulation: 9 (81.8%) |
| Air broncograms: 8 (72.7%) | ||||||||
| Fibrotic streaks or linear opacities: 2 (18.2%) | ||||||||
GGO: Ground-Glass Opacity; N.R.: Not Reported; CT: Computed Tomography