Table 2.
Clinical history, physical examination findings on admission, and outcome of recruited patients, according to the prognosis groupa
| Good prognosis (n = 502) | Poor prognosis (n = 189) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of the current disease | ||||
| Time interval between onset and admission (Days): mean ± SD | 3.40 ± 4.29 | 5.56 ± 7.85 | NA | 0.001 |
| History of fever | 312 (62.28) | 157 (83.96) | 3.17 (2.06–4.87) | 0.001 |
| History of cough | 495 (98.80) | 182 (97.85) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 0.35 |
| History of runny nose | 390 (77.84) | 139 (74.33) | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.33 |
| History of vomiting | 249 (49.70) | 101 (54.01) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 0.31 |
| History of diarrhoea | 80 (15.97) | 57 (30.48) | 2.31 (1.56–3.42) | 0.001 |
| Difficulties breastfeeding | 141 (30.79) | 121 (67.22) | 4.61 (3.19–6.67) | 0.001 |
| Impaired consciousness | 3 (0.60) | 17 (9.09) | 16.63 (4.81–57.45) | 0.001 |
| Symptoms and signs on admission | ||||
| Malnourished (WAZ < −1 SD) | 118 (23.89) | 86 (47.25) | 2.85 (1.99–4.07) | 0.001 |
| WAZ > −1 SD | 376 (76.11) | 96 (52.75) | 0.35 (0.24–0.5) | 0.001 |
| WAZ < −1 to > −3 SD | 111 (22.47) | 56 (30.77) | 1.53 (1.05–2.24) | 0.02 |
| WAZ < −3 SD | 7 (1.42) | 30 (16.48) | 13.73 (5.91–31.89) | 0.001 |
| Axillary temperature, °C, mean ± SD | 37.65 ± 0.83 | 38.07 ± 0.88 | NA | 0.001 |
| Hyperpyrexia (axillary temperature >39 °C) | 50 (9.98) | 45 (24.32) | 2.90 (1.84–4.56) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, per min, mean ± SD | 58.68 ± 12.54 | 61.14 ± 17.98 | 1.01 (1–1.02) | 0.04 |
| Heart rate, per min, mean ± SD | 125.86 ± 22.73 | 131.12 ± 24.61 | 1.01 (1–1.02) | 0.008 |
| Oxygen saturation, %, mean ± SD | 95.37 ± 3.12 | 93.31 ± 6.35 | NA | 0.001 |
| WHO oxygen desaturation <90% | 17 (3.53) | 35 (19.44) | 6.58 (3.50–12.38) | 0.001 |
| Cyanosis | 22 (4.38) | 40 (21.40) | 5.93 (3.34–10.52) | 0.001 |
| Pallor | 55 (11) | 61 (32.62) | 3.93 (2.56–6.04) | 0.001 |
| Nasal flaring | 367 (73.11) | 139 (74.33) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 0.74 |
| Wheezing | 416 (82.87) | 36 (19.22) | 0.05 (0.02–0.08) | 0.001 |
| Crackles | 40 (7.97) | 34 (18.18) | 2.56 (1.56–4.22) | 0.001 |
| Rhonchi | 215 (42.83) | 138 (73.80) | 3.76 (2.55–5.53) | 0.001 |
| Radiologically confirmed pneumonia | 64 (14.48) | 47 (32.87) | 2.89 (1.84–4.52) | 0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Received antibiotics during admission | 139 (27.7) | 144 (77.0) | 8.75 (5.64–13.57) | 0.001 |
| Length of admission (Days): mean ± SD | 5.24 ± 4.31 | 7.09 ± 9.96 | NA | 0.001 |
| RISC score, mean ± SD | 0.76 ± 0.80 | 2.98 ± 1.14 | NA | 0.001 |
| Transferred to ICU | 0 (0) | 55 (29.41) | NA | 0.001 |
| Died | 0 (0) | 28 (14.97) | NA | 0.001 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; NA, Not applicable; WAZ, weight-for-age Z score; WHO, World Health Organization; RISC, Respiratory Index of Severity in Children; ICU, intensive care unit.
a
Results are n (%), unless stated otherwise.