Table 1.
Microbial agents interacting with autophagy.
| Microbe | Host autophagy interaction | Biological factors and outcomes |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Induction | Bacterial clearance |
| Staphlococcus aureus | Induction | Bacterial clearance |
| Francisella tularensis | Induction | Bacterial clearance |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Induction | Bacterial clearance |
| Rickettsia conorii | Induction | Bacterial clearance |
| Escherichia coli | Induction | Bacterial clearance |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Induction | IFNγ treatment enhances clearance |
| Vibrio chloerae (exotoxin) | Induction | Limits cytotoxicity, enhances survival |
| Legionella pneumophilia | Manipulation | Autophagosome maturation delayed |
| Brucella abortus | Manipulation | Autophagy harnessed for replication |
| Coxiella burnetti | Manipulation | Autophagosome maturation delayed |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Evasion | Dependent on ActA, PLC |
| Shigella flexneri | Evasion | Bacterial escape, dependent on IcsB |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | Evasion | Bacterial escape. Dependent on BopA |
| Viruses | ||
| Parvovirus B19 | Induction | Cell cycle arrest, virus sequestration |
| Herpes simplex virus | Evasion | Dependent on neurovirulence factor |
| Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus | Evasion | Viral Bcl-2 inhibits Beclin-1 |
| Rotavirus | Manipulation | Impaired autophagosome maturation |
| Human poliovirus | Manipulation | Autophagy harnessed for replication |
| Hepatitis C virus | Manipulation | Autophagosome maturation delayed |
| Coxsackievirus | Manipulation | Autophagy harnessed for replication |
| Protozoa | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii | Induction | Parasite elimination |