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. 2010 Jan 25;26:15–25. [Article in Spanish] doi: 10.1016/S0213-005X(08)76537-6

Aplicación de los métodos moleculares al diagnóstico y el estudio epidemiológico de las infecciones respiratorias causadas por virus

Application of molecular methods in the diagnosis and epidemiological study of viral respiratory infections

Francisco Pozo 1,⁎, Inmaculada Casas 1, Guillermo Ruiz 1, Ana Falcón 1, Pilar Pérez-Breña 1
PMCID: PMC7130302  PMID: 19195443

Abstract

Hasta la fecha se han identificado más de 200 virus pertenecientes a 6 familias taxonómicas diferentes asociados con la infección del tracto respiratorio humano. La utilización generalizada de métodos moleculares en los laboratorios de microbiología clínica no sólo ha aportado grandes ventajas al diagnóstico de estas infecciones, sino también está permitiendo profundizar en el conocimiento de la enfermedad y el comportamiento epidemiológico de los virus causantes. Esta tecnología incrementa de manera notable el rendimiento de detección de virus en las muestras respiratorias, debido a su elevada sensibilidad en comparación con las técnicas clásicas y a la posibilidad de identificar virus no cultivables o de crecimiento fastidioso en las líneas celulares habituales, lo que permite realizar el diagnóstico etiológico con mayor rapidez. Sin embargo, también comporta algunos inconvenientes, como son detectar virus que se encuentran colonizando la mucosa respiratoria de personas asintomáticas, o en secreciones de pacientes que ya se han recuperado de una infección pasada, a consecuencia de excreción prolongada de éstos. La secuenciación de los productos obtenidos en la reacción de amplificación genómica permite caracterizar de forma adicional los virus detectados mediante su genotipado, realizar estudios de epidemiología molecular e identificar resistencias a determinados antivirales, por citar sólo algunos ejemplos.

Palabras clave: Diagnóstico molecular, Epidemiología molecular, Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, Gripe, Virus respiratorios, Infección respiratoria

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