Table 1.
List of included studies
| Author [Year]; (Reference #) | Setting, design (N) | Intervention | Comparison |
Demographics:
Lidocaine (L) vs. no lidocaine (NL) |
Primary Endpoints | Secondary Endpoints |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firouzian [2016]; (18) | Iran, single center, RCT, double-blind (89) | Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IV plus morphine 0.1 mg/kg infusion over 2-4 minutes. | Morphine 0.1 mg/kg plus N.S. bolus infusion over 2-4 minutes. |
Age, years: (L) 37.91±10.76, (NL) 37.95±12.6 Sex, male: (L) 77%, (NL) 83% |
Pain intensity measured by VAS (0-10) at baseline, 5, 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. | (1) Time to pain free (2) Nausea intensity (3) Time to nausea free |
| Motamed [2017]; (19) | Iran, single center, RCT, double-blind (90) | Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IV infusion over 2 minutes. | Fentanyl 1.5 mcg/kg IV infusion over 2 minutes. |
Age, years: (L) 39.08±6.64, (NL) 34.08±8.87 Sex, male: (L) 86.7%, (NL) 93.3% |
Pain intensity measured by VAS (0-10) at baseline, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. | Rescue medication at 15- & 30-minutes post-administration. |
| Motov [2019]; (8) |
USA, single center, RCT, double-blind (150) | Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IV infusion over 10 minutes. | (1) Ketorolac 30 mg IV push with 10 min N.S. infusion. (2) Ketorolac 30 mg IV push plus Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IV infusion over 10 minutes. |
Age, years: (L only) 39.34±10.95 (Combination) 42.92±10.36 (NL) 42.34±10.47 Sex, male: (L only) 54%, (Combination) 56%, (NL) 56% |
Pain intensity measured by numerical rating scale (0-10) at baseline, 5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes. | (1) Adverse effects (2) Use of diagnostic imaging |
| Soleimanpour [2012]; (20) | Iran, single center, RCT, double-blind, (150) | Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg IV slow push from 10 cc syringe. | Morphine 0.1 mg/kg IV slow push from 10 cc syringe. |
Age, years: (L) 37.71±11.08, (NL) 35.23±12.37 Sex, male: (L) 28%, (NL) 72% |
Pain intensity measured by VAS (0-10) at baseline, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. | (1) Pain resolution measured as VAS < 3/10 for 30 minutes. (2) Rescue medication at 30 minutes. (3) Adverse effects |
Abbreviations: ED means emergency department; IV means intravenous; N.S. means normal saline; RCT means randomized controlled trial; VAS means visual analogue scale.