Table 2.

Strengths and limitations of vaccination of animals as a means to control of zoonotic diseases.

Framework (See Table 1)	Strengths	Limitations
I	Benefits to human and animal health	DIVA requirements
	Potential for accelerated development of new vaccines	Liability concerns
	Collaborations between animal and human health industry	Segregated regulatory pathways
	Reduced development costs	Inadvertent exposure of humans to live vaccines
	Additional models for Animal Rule Lack of commercial incentive
II	New approaches to disease control	DIVA requirements
	Benefits to human and animal health	Wild animal reservoirs
	Short development times and relatively low cost	Persistent environmental source of infection
	Accelerated regulatory pathway	Durability of immune response
	Potential for disease control without need for human vaccines	inadvertent exposure of humans to live vaccines
	Collaborations between animal and human health industry	Low commercial value, reliance on government funding
	Improved food safety	Feral animals or small farm operations inaccessible to vaccination
		High vaccine coverage required for herd immunity
III	New approaches to disease control	GMO issues
	Control of infections acquired from wild animals	Safety for non-target species
	Accelerated regulatory pathway	Role of animals other than target species in transmission
	Potential for disease control without need for human vaccines	Very high or very low target species density
	Collaborations between animal and human health industry	Difficulty in designing and delivering oral vaccines
	Control of wildlife diseases	Vaccine stability under conditions of use
		Low commercial value, reliance on government funding