Table 5.

Differential resilience to PTSD following different types of Criterion-A events: possible insights from the neuroevolutionary-time-depth principle

NCS term for the particular fear-circuitry-activating threat	Rates of subsequent lifetime PTSD in exposed extant humans (NCS data)	Posited relevant criterion-A adversity during the relevant part of the human EEA	Time-depth (years) available for the human genome to evolve resiliency to the specific criterion-A adversity	Posited frequencies of resilience-related alleles
“Fire”	4% (M)	Natural disasters (most frequently forest fires) in the presence of which terrestrial mammals of both sexes were exposed throughout their evolution	140,000,000 since the emergence of mammals in the Mesozoic	Very high (resilience-related alleles are probably the species typical wild type alleles in humans, and approaching fixation)
	5% (F)
“Physical child-abuse” (boys) (essentially, the physical abuse of stepsons)	22% (M)	Intra-group male-male violence against non-blood-related younger male simians in the same troop (“stepchildren”) is well documented in most simian species studied (e.g. baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas)	20,000,000 since the emergence of social simians in the Cenozoic	Intermediate
“Combat”	39% (M)	Inter-group male-male Intra-human killings (large-scale inter-ethnic battlefield warfare) only became common after the rising of population densities in the Neolithic.	12,000 since the emergence of tribalism (a.k.a “ethnic identity”) in the Neolithic	Low (resilience-related alleles are probably the minor alleles)

Approximate evolutionary time-depths available for the human genome to select resiliency alleles for different criterion-A adversities. Epidemiological data cited from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS) (Kessler et al., 1995). Time-depth approximation based on Dawkins (2004).