Table 1.
Various types of PPR vaccines.
| Vaccine Type | Reference | Remark |
|---|---|---|
| Inactivated vaccines | Ronchi et al. (2016); Cosseddu et al. (2015) | Safe to be used in counties at risk but immunity is of short duration. DIVA not possible |
| Conventional live-attenuated vaccinea | Diallo et al., 1989a, Diallo et al., 1989b; Diallo et al. (2007) | Most successful PPR vaccine that is being used all over the globe in PPR control programs. It provides long-lasting immunity but it is thermolabile and DIVA not possible |
| Conventional PPR vaccines with stabilizers and improved freeze drying methods | ||
| Vero cell-adapted vaccine, stabilized with lactalbumin hydrolysate and sucrose | Mariner et al. (1990) | Relatively thermostable but DIVA not possible |
| Use of Tris-Trehalose and then quick drying | Worrall et al. (2000) | Relatively thermostable but DIVA not possible |
| Use of Tris-Trehalose, glucose and increased concentration of NaCl | Silva et al. (2011) | Relatively thermostable but DIVA not possible |
| Combinations of stabilizers and heavy water | Sen et al. (2010 | Relatively thermostable but DIVA not possible |
| Vaccines based on thermo-adapted-PPRV (grown at 40 °C) | Balamurugan et al., 2014a, Balamurugan et al., 2014b; Riyesh et al. (2011) | Relatively thermostable but DIVA not possible |
| New generation vaccines | ||
| Poxvirus vectored vaccines. | Berhe et al. (2003); Chen et al. (2010) | Relatively thermostable but pre-existing antibodies against vector may interfere vaccine intake |
| Adenovirus vectored vaccine | Herbert et al. (2014); Qin et al. (2012); Wang et al. (2013) | DIVA possible but immunity may be of short duration |
| Insertion of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) between P and M gene | Hu et al. (2012); Muniraju et al. (2015) | DIVA possible but immunity may be of short duration |
| Deletion of C77 monoclonal antibody binding site on H protein | Hu et al. (2012); Muniraju et al. (2015) | Immunity may be of short duration |
| Recombinant PPRV expressing the FMDV VP1 gene (rPPRV/VP1) | Yin et al. (2014) | Potential to serve as dual live vectored vaccine against PPRV and FMDV but duration of immunity is not well defined |
| Chimeric vaccine | ||
| Chimeric RPV-PPRV recombinant virus vaccine | Das et al. (2000) | Towards end of GREP, the areas that had been declared free of rinderpest could not use the RPV vaccine strain to vaccinate against rinderpest or PPR, Chimeric vaccine could serve this purpose. DIVA is possible but immunity may be of short duration |
| N protein based, chimeric RPV-PPRV marker vaccine | Parida et al. (2007) | DIVA possible. Further clinical trials required to precisely evaluate immunity. |
| Anti-idiotypic vaccine | Apsana et al. (2015) | Quite heat stable and capable of eliciting antibody and cell-mediate immune response in complete absence of viral antigens |
| Virus-like particles (VLPs) | Liu et al. (2015) | Safe and does not require biocontainment facility to handle the virus |
| Other recombinant vaccines | ||
| Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus displaying H glycoprotein of RPV and the F glycoprotein of PPRV | Rahman et al. (2003) | DIVA possible but protection has not yet been evaluated in natural hosts |
| Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expressing the H protein | Callagy et al. (2007) | DIVA possible but protection has not yet been evaluated in natural host. The immunity may be of short duration. |
| Silk worm larvae-expressing recombinant F protein | Saravanan et al. (2004) | DIVA possible but protection has not yet been evaluated in natural host. The immunity may be of short duration. |
| Modified vaccine virus Ankara (MVA) expressing PPRV F and H proteins | Sen et al. (2010) | DIVA possible but protection has not yet been evaluated in natural hosts. For optimum protection, two doses of vaccine are required prior to challenge |
| Combined vaccines | ||
| Sheep pox and PPR and, goat pox and PPR | Chaudhary et al. (2009); Hosamani et al. (2006) | Cost effective. Reduce number of needle pricks and hence discomfort to the animals |
| Heterologous PPR vaccine (RPV vaccine against PPR) | Taylor (1979) | PPR virus does not required for vaccine production but duration of immunity is only for 12 months |
| Heterologous rinderpest vaccine (PPRV vaccine against rinderpest) | Holzer et al., 2016a, Holzer et al., 2016b | No need to preserve stocks of live RPV in the laboratories for future emergence of rinderpest. However, only virulent but not live-attenuated PPRV provided immunity against RPV in cattle |
a
Vaccine currently being used for immunoprophylaxis in the filed.