Table 6‐1.

Options of 3D image integration

Type of imaging	Advantage	Disadvantage
Contrast CT	Quick scanning time Widely available Easy 3D reconstruction on all software packages	Contrast exposure and transit times may be long due to the reduced cardiac output resulting in high‐radiation burden
Noncontrast CMR	Nonstandard sequence in many laboratories Unlimited field of view (allows to scan from neck to groins to assess access options) No radiation burden	More difficult and time‐consuming to 3D reconstruct on the available 3D software packages No resolution within stents or close to metallic objects Implantable devices (even when conditional) may cause artefacts
ICE	Excellent 3D reconstructions of any given 3D anatomy	Requires intracardiac access Expertise may be difficult to obtain in CHD
3D TTE or TEE	Increasingly available Popular tool in interventional procedures	Stand‐alone 3D reconstructions not directly integrated in 3D mapping TEE requires general anesthesia and intubation if performed throughout the entire procedure

3D, three‐dimensional; CHD, congenital heart disease; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; CT, computed tomography; ICE, intracardiac echocardiography; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.