Table 7‐1.

Summary of ablation strategies beyond PVI and its characteristics

Ablation Strategy	Arrhythmia Type	How to Identify Critical Sites	Ablation Lesion Locations
Linear ablation	Organized AT Persistent AF	– Activation mapping of 3D mapping system – Entrainment mapping	– Roof line – Mitral and tricuspid isthmus line – Connecting two anatomical obstacles
CFAE ablation	Persistent AF	– Visually identified fractionated electrograms – Automatic algorithm of 3D mapping system	– Left atrium and right atrium
Non‐PV trigger ablation	Paroxysmal AF Persistent AF	– EKG – Multiple mapping catheters – 3D mapping system	– Left atrial anterior, posterior wall, appendage, ligament of Marshall, septum, other Non‐PV triggers identified in the right or left atrium – Superior vena cava – Coronary sinus
Rotor ablation	Persistent AF	– Nonlinear analysis and phase mapping	– Rotor or focal source identified in the right or left atrium by mapping system
Substrate‐guided ablation	Persistent AF	– 3D mapping system – MRI	– Low‐voltage zones identified in the right or left atrium by mapping system

Abbreviations: 3D, three‐dimensional; AF, atrial fibrillation, CFAE, complex fractionated atrial electrogram; EKG, electrocardiogram; PV, pulmonary vein.