. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Cogn Neurosci. 2019 Oct 9;32(2):256–271. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01478

Table 2.

Examples for each of the nine sentence types presented in the task in Icelandic and English. In all sentences, knowing who did what to whom involves associating the gaps with the appropriate antecedent.

Sentence type	Icelandic	English
1. Active declarative sentences	Stelpan málar strákinn	The girl paints the boy
1. Active declarative sentences	Stelpan_j málar_v [_VP t_i t_v strákinn]	The girl(N) paints the boy(A)

2. Passive sentences	Strákurinn er málaður af stelpunni	The boy is painted by the girl
2. Passive sentences	Strákurinn_i er [_VP málaður t_i] af stelpunni	The boy(N) is painted(m,sg) by the girl(D)

3. Truncated passive sentences	Strákurinn er málaður	The boy is painted
3. Truncated passive sentences	Strákurinn_i er [_VP málaður t_i]	The boy(N) is painted(m,sg)

4. Cleft sentences with subject gaps	Það er strákurinn sem málar stelpuna	It is the boy that paints the girl
4. Cleft sentences with subject gaps	Það er strákurinn_i [_CP sem [_IP t_j málar_v [_VP t_i t_v stelpuna]]]	It is the boy(N) that paints the girl(A)

5. Cleft sentences with object gaps	Það er stelpan sem strákurinn málar	It is the girl that the boy paints
5. Cleft sentences with object gaps	Það er stelpan_j [_CP sem [_IP strákurinn_i málar_v [_VP t_i t_v t_j]]]	It is the girl(N) that the boy(N) paints

6. Sentences with topicalized object and a main verb	Stelpuna málar strákurinn	The girl, the boy paints
6. Sentences with topicalized object and a main verb	Stelpuna_j málar_v [_IP strákurinn_i [_VP t_i t_v t_j]]	The girl(A) paints the boy(N)

7. Sentences with topicalized object and an auxiliary verb	Stelpuna er strákurinn að mála	The girl, the boy is painting
7. Sentences with topicalized object and an auxiliary verb	Stelpuna_j er [_IP strákurinn_i [_VP t_i að mála t_j]]	The girl(A) is the boy(N) to paint

8. Referential wh-questions with subject gap and main verbs	Hvaða strákur málar stelpuna?	Which boy paints the girl?
8. Referential wh-questions with subject gap and main verbs	Hvaða strákur_i málar_v [_VP t_i t_v stelpuna]	Which boy(N) paints the girl(A)?

9. Referential wh-questions with object gap and main verbs	Hvaða strák málar stelpan?	Which boy is the girl painting?
9. Referential wh-questions with object gap and main verbs	Hvaða strák_j málar_v [_IP stelpan_i t_v [_VP t_i t_v t_j]]?	Which boy(A) paints the girl(N)?