Table 2.

Primers for RT–PCR

Target gene	Primer sequences
Mouse TGF‐β1	F: 5′‐TGGAGCAACATGTGGAACTC‐3′
	R: 5′‐GTCAGCAGCCGGTTACCA‐3′
Mouse 18S	F: 5′‐GATCCCAGACTGGTTCCTGA‐3′
	R: 5′‐GTCTAGACCGTTGGCCAGAA‐3′
Mouse β‐actin	F: 5′‐CCTTCTTGGGTATGGAATCCTGTGG‐3′
	R: 5′‐CAGCACTGTGTTGGCATAGAGGTCTTTAC‐3′
Human TGF‐β1	F: 5′‐GGACATCAACGGGTTCACTA‐3′
	R: 5′‐GCCATGAGAAGCAGGAAAG‐3′
Human GAPDH	F: 5′‐CGACCACTTTGTCAAGCTCA‐3′
	R: 5′‐AGGGGTCTACATGGCAACTG‐3′
Human Alu	F: 5′‐CATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTA‐3′
	R: 5′‐GCCTCAGCCTCCCGAGTAG‐3′
Human β‐actin	F: 5′‐CACCACCGCCGAGACCGC‐3′
	R: 5′‐GCTGGCCGGGCTTACCTG‐3′
Human Smad7	F: 5′‐CGATGGATTTTCTCAAACCAA‐3′
	R: 5′‐ATTCGTTCCCCCTGTTTCA‐3′