Table II.
Inactivation of coronaviruses by different types of biocidal agents in suspension tests
| Biocidal agent | Concentration | Virus | Strain / isolate | Exposure time | Reduction of viral infectivity (log10) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | 95% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 5.5 | [29] |
| 85% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 5.5 | [29] | |
| 80% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.3 | [29] | |
| 80% | MERS-CoV | Strain EMC | 30 s | > 4.0 | [14] | |
| 78% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 5.0 | [28] | |
| 70% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | > 3.9 | [30] | |
| 70% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.3 | [30] | |
| 2-Propanol | 100% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 3.3 | [28] |
| 75% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.0 | [14] | |
| 75% | MERS-CoV | Strain EMC | 30 s | ≥ 4.0 | [14] | |
| 70% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 3.3 | [28] | |
| 50% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
| 50% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
| 2-Propanol and 1-propanol | 45% and 30% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.3 | [29] |
| SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 30 s | ≥ 2.8 | [28] | ||
| Benzalkonium chloride | 0.2% | HCoV | ATCC VR-759 (strain OC43) | 10 min | 0.0 | [31] |
| 0.05% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
| 0.05% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
| 0.00175% | CCV | Strain S378 | 3 d | 3.0 | [32] | |
| Didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride | 0.0025% | CCV | Strain S378 | 3 d | > 4.0 | [32] |
| Chlorhexidine digluconate | 0.02% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | 0.7–0.8 | [30] |
| 0.02% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | 0.3 | [30] | |
| Sodium hypochlorite | 0.21% | MHV | Strain MHV-1 | 30 s | ≥ 4.0 | [33] |
| 0.01% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | 2.3–2.8 | [30] | |
| 0.01% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | 1.1 | [30] | |
| 0.001% | MHV | Strains MHV-2 and MHV-N | 10 min | 0.3–0.6 | [30] | |
| 0.001% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | 0.9 | [30] | |
| Hydrogen peroxide | 0.5% | HCoV | Strain 229E | 1 min | > 4.0 | [34] |
| Formaldehyde | 1% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 2 min | > 3.0 | [28] |
| 0.7% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 2 min | > 3.0 | [28] | |
| 0.7% | MHV | 10 min | > 3.5 | [30] | ||
| 0.7% | CCV | Strain I-71 | 10 min | > 3.7 | [30] | |
| 0.009% | CCV | 24 h | > 4.0 | [35] | ||
| Glutardialdehyde | 2.5% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 5 min | > 4.0 | [36] |
| 0.5% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 2 min | > 4.0 | [28] | |
| Povidone iodine | 7.5% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | 4.6 | [37] |
| 4% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | 5.0 | [37] | |
| 1% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | > 4.0 | [36] | |
| 1% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | 4.3 | [37] | |
| 0.47% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | 3.8 | [36] | |
| 0.25% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | > 4.0 | [36] | |
| 0.23% | SARS-CoV | Hanoi strain | 1 min | > 4.0 | [36] | |
| 0.23% | SARS-CoV | Isolate FFM-1 | 15 s | ≥ 4.4 | [38] | |
| 0.23% | MERS-CoV | Isolate HCoV-EMC/2012 | 15 s | ≥ 4.4 | [38] |
SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; MERS = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; MHV = mouse hepatitis virus; CCV = canine coronavirus; HCoV = human coronavirus.