20. (8.) Results by individual review ‐ massage, reflexology and other manual methods.
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8. Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour, 6 studies, 401 women (Smith 2012) | |||
| 8.1. Massage versus standard care (4 studies, 239 women) | Outcome | No. of studies (no. women) | Results |
| Pain intensity during first stage of labour | 4 (225) | SMD ‐0.82, 95% CI ‐1.17 to ‐0.47, intensity of pain during the first stage of labour was reduced in the massage group compared with usual care | |
| Pain intensity during second stage of labour | 2 (124) | SMD ‐0.98, 95% CI ‐2.23 to 0.26, no difference between groups in pain intensity | |
| Pain intensity during third stage of labour | 2 (122) | SMD ‐1.03, 95% CI ‐2.17 to 0.11, no difference between groups in pain intensity | |
| Satisfaction with pain relief | 2 (110) | Results not combined for 2 studies due to heterogeneity | |
| Sense of control in labour | 1 (40) | MD ‐6.10, 95% CI ‐13.11 to 0.91, no difference between groups in sense of control in labour | |
| Satisfaction with childbirth experience | Outcome not reported | ||
| Effect on mother/baby interaction | Outcome not reported | ||
| Breastfeeding | Outcome not reported | ||
| Assisted vaginal birth | 2 (105) | RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.50, no evidence of a significant difference between groups | |
| Caesarean section | 2 (105) | RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.22, no evidence of a significant difference between groups | |
| Adverse effects for women and infants | Outcome not reported | ||
| Admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit | 1 (44) | RR 1.93, 95% CI 0.13 to 28.79, no evidence of a significant difference between groups | |
| Apgar score less than seven at five minutes | Outcome not reported | ||
| Poor infant outcomes at long‐term follow‐up | Outcome not reported | ||
| Cost | Outcome not reported | ||
| 8.2. One manual method versus different manual method (no studies) | |||
| 8.3. Massage versus music (1 study, 101 women) | Outcome | No. of studies (no. women) | Results |
| Pain intensity – number of women reporting severe pain | 1 (101) | RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.89, significantly fewer women in the massage group reported severe pain compared to the music group | |
| Satisfaction with pain relief | Outcome not reported | ||
| Sense of control in labour | Outcome not reported | ||
| Satisfaction with childbirth experience | Outcome not reported | ||
| Effect on mother/baby interaction | Outcome not reported | ||
| Breastfeeding | Outcome not reported | ||
| Assisted vaginal birth | Outcome not reported | ||
| Caesarean section | Outcome not reported | ||
| Adverse effects for women and infants | Outcome not reported | ||
| Admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit | Outcome not reported | ||
| Apgar score less than seven at five minutes | Outcome not reported | ||
| Poor infant outcomes at long‐term follow‐up | Outcome not reported | ||
| Cost | Outcome not reported | ||
| 8.3. Massage versus breathing exercises (1 study, 28 women) | Outcome | No. of studies (no. women) | Results |
| Pain intensity | Outcome not reported | ||
| Satisfaction with pain relief | Outcome not reported | ||
| Sense of control in labour | Outcome not reported | ||
| Satisfaction with childbirth experience | Outcome not reported | ||
| Effect on mother/baby interaction | Outcome not reported | ||
| Breastfeeding | Outcome not reported | ||
| Assisted vaginal birth | Outcome not reported | ||
| Caesarean section | Outcome not reported | ||
| Adverse effects for women and infants | Outcome not reported | ||
| Admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit | Outcome not reported | ||
| Apgar score less than seven at five minutes | Outcome not reported | ||
| Poor infant outcomes at long‐term follow‐up | Outcome not reported | ||
| Cost | Outcome not reported | ||
I2 values reported in table only when random effects analysis has been carried out due to substantial heterogeneity indicated by an I2 value greater than 30% CI: confidence interval; MD: mean difference; RR: risk ratio; SMD: standardised mean difference