29. Results by individual review ‐ sterile water injection, Hutton 2009.
| Sterile water injection for labour pain: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials 8 studies, 783 women (Hutton 2009) | |||
| Sterile water injections versus placebo or other treatment | Outcome | No. of studies (no. women) | Results |
| Pain intensity – VAS pain score at 10‐30 minutes following intervention |
4 (289) | Average Mean difference MD ‐26.04, 95% CI ‐34.14.0 to ‐17.94, (random effects: heterogeneity: I2 = 65%, Tau2 = 41.69, Chi2 test for heterogeneity P =0.04), , a significant reduction in pain score of the sterile water group compared with the placebo or other intervention group | |
| Pain intensity ‐ Pain intensity – VAS pain score at 45‐60 minutes following intervention | 5 (542) | Average Mean difference MD ‐36.27, 95% CI ‐50.80 to ‐21.74, (random effects: heterogeneity: I2 = 94%, Tau2 = 255.58, Chi2 test for heterogeneity P <=0.00001), a significant reduction in pain score of the sterile water group compared with the placebo or other intervention group | |
| Pain intensity ‐ Pain intensity – VAS pain score at 90‐120 minutes following intervention | 5 (488) | Average Mean difference MD ‐27.74, 95% CI ‐39.03 to ‐16.45, (random effects: heterogeneity: I2 = 86%, Tau2 = 135.71, Chi2 test for heterogeneity P <=0.00001), a significant reduction in pain score of the sterile water group compared with the placebo or other intervention group | |
| Satisfaction with pain relief | Outcome not reported | ||
| Sense of control in labour | Outcome not reported | ||
| Satisfaction with childbirth experience | Outcome not reported | ||
| Effect on mother/baby interaction | Outcome not reported | ||
| Breastfeeding | Outcome not reported | ||
| Assisted vaginal birth | Outcome not reported | ||
| Caesarean section | 8 (828) | RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.87, significantly fewer caesarean sections in the sterile water group compared with the placebo or other intervention group | |
| Side effects for mother | Outcome not reported | ||
| Side effects for baby | Outcome not reported | ||
| Admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care | Outcome not reported | ||
| Apgar score less than seven at five minutes | Outcome not reported | ||
| Poor infant outcomes at long‐term follow‐up | Outcome not reported | ||
| Cost | Outcome not reported | ||
CI: confidence interval; MD: mean difference; RR: risk ratio; VAS: visual analogue scale