32. Summary of outcomes reported in Cochrane systematic reviews ‐ pharmacological interventions.
| Inhaled analgesia (Klomp 2012) | Parenteral opioids review (Ullman 2010) | Non‐opioid drugs (Othman 2012) | Local anaesthetic nerve blocks (Novikova 2012) | Epidural (Anim‐Somuah 2011) | Combined spinal epidural (Simmons 2012) | |
| Pain intensity | 9/26 trials (26%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 4 comparisons (7 studies) |
28/57 trials (49%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 5 comparisons (8 studies) |
2/18 trials (11%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (1 study) |
NOT REPORTED | 7/38 trials (18%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 3 comparisons (7 studies) |
8/27 trials (30%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 3 comparisons (8 studies) |
| Satisfaction with pain relief | 8/26 trials (31%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
12/57 trials (21%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 2 comparisons (2 studies) |
9/18 trials (50%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 5 comparisons (7 studies) |
6/12 trials (50%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 2 comparisons (2 studies) |
9/38 trials (24%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
7/27 trials (26%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
| Sense of control in labour | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | 1/38 trials (3%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
NOT REPORTED |
| Satisfaction with childbirth experience | NOT REPORTED | 1/57 trial (1.75%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
1/18 trials (6%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (1 study) |
NOT REPORTED | 1/38 trials (3%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
NOT REPORTED |
| Effect on mother/baby interaction | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED |
| Breastfeeding | NOT REPORTED | 2/57 trials (3.5%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
1/18 trials (6%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED |
| Assisted vaginal birth | 7/26 trials (27%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
17/57 trials (30%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
7/18 trials (39%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
3/12 trials (25%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
23/38 trials (60%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (23 studies) |
17/27 trials (63%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (6 studies) |
| Caesarean section | 6/26 trials (23%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
20/57 trials (35%) Reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
3/18 trials (17%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
4/12 trials (33%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
27/38 trials (71%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
21/27 trials (78%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
| Adverse effects for women | 16/26 trials (62%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 7 comparisons (9 studies) |
35/57 trials (62%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 14 comparisons (27 studies) |
6/18 trials (33%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
2/12 trials (17%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (1 study) |
21/38 trials (55%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 4 comparisons (12 studies) |
16/27 trials (60%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 2 comparisons (12 studies) |
| Adverse effects for infants | 4/26 trials (15%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
17/57 trials (30%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (1 study) |
5/18 trials (28%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
1/12 trials (8%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 1 comparison (1 study) |
18/38 trials (47%) reported this outcome Significant findings observed for 2 comparisons (15 studies) |
NOT REPORTED |
| Admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit | NOT REPORTED | 6/57 trials (10%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | 7/38 trials (18%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
4/27 trials (15%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
| Apgar score less than seven at five minutes | 7/26 trials (27%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
12/57 trials (21%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
4/18 trials (22%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
4/12 trials (33%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
18/38 trials (47%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
9/27 trials (33%) reported this outcome No differences observed between groups |
| Poor infant outcomes at long‐term follow‐up | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED |
| Cost | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED | NOT REPORTED |