Table 4.

Prevalence of rectal pathogens among health care workers before and after the 2016 Hajj

	Mecca cohort			Al-Ahsa cohort
Rectal Pathogen	Before Hajj (n = 53) Number (%)	After Hajj (n = 37) Number (%)	P value	Before Hajj (n = 110) Number (%)	After Hajj (n = 117) Number (%)	P value
Viruses
Adenovirus	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	1 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	.48
Norovirus G1	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	1 (0.9)	1
Other viruses*	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
Bacteria
Clostridium difficile	0 (0.0)	1 (2.7)	.41	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli	0 (0.0)	1 (2.7)	.41	3 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	.112
Salmonella spp	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	1 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	.48
Tropheryma whipplei	1 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	1	1 (0.9)	3 (2.6)	.62
Other bacteria†	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
Protozoa
Giardia lamblia	1 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	1	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
Other protozoa‡	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
At least 1 pathogen	2 (3.8)	2 (5.4)	1	6 (5.5)	4 (3.4)	.53

^⁎Astrovirus, Enterovirus, Norovirus G2, Parechovirus, Rotavirus, Sapovirus.

^†Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Yersinia enterocolitica.

^‡Cryptosporidium spp, Entamoeba histolytica.