Table 3.

Systemic manifestations of autoimmune disorders

Disorder	Clinical Sign/Symptom
Sjögren syndrome	Xerophthalmia, xerostomia, parotid gland enlargement, Raynaud phenomenon, dysphagia, and dry cough (owing to xerotrachea). A positive Schirmer test detects deficient tear production.
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Joint pains, morning stiffness, myalgias, and integumentary manifestations (alopecia, unguium mutilans, perniotic lesions, leuconychia, splinter hemorrhages, nail-fold hyperkeratosis, ragged cuticles, malar rash, Raynaud phenomenon, photosensitivity, and/or discoid lupus).
Antiphospholipid syndrome	History of deep vein thromboses, pulmonary embolism, multiple miscarriages, and/or young-onset stroke.
Behcet disease	Classic triad of recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis. Other manifestations: ophthalmic (hypopyon and retinal vasculitis) and cutaneous (pseudofolliculitis, erythema nodosumlike lesions, or acneiform lesions). Positive pathergy test.
Ankylosing spondylitis	Back pain, enthesitis, and limited spinal flexion.