Table 5.
Other dysimmune disorders associated with TM
| Disorder | Comment | References |
|---|---|---|
| Ankylosing spondylitis | Neurologic involvement is rare and is almost always attributable to compressive myelopathy. Noncompressive myelopathy is exceptionally rare with only 2 clearly documented cases of TM. | 368, 369, 370 |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 371 | |
| Mixed connective tissue disease | Female preponderance; predilection for the thoracic cord. | 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 |
| Systemic sclerosis | Rare and typically compressive in etiology. Progressive myelopathy, subacute TM, and NMO-IgG positive LETM have been reported. | 378, 379, 380, 381 |
| Anti-Jo-1 antibody | A single report of TM preceding the development of polymyositis and pulmonary fibrosis in a patient with anti-Jo-1 antibody. | 382 |
| Urticarial vasculitis | Urticarial vasculitis may be primary disorder or coexist with other autoimmune diseases. | 383 |
| pANCA seropositivity | Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) seropositivity has been reported to cause TM associated with CSF pleocytosis and increased protein with typically absent OCBs. | 384, 385 |
| Celiac disease | Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by intolerance to dietary gluten. | 386 |
| Thymic follicular hyperplasia | Recurrent multifocal TM associated with thymic follicular hyperplasia that resolved following thymectomy. | 387 |
| Graft-vs-host disease | TM may be a rare manifestation of graft-vs-host disease following hematopoietic cell transplantation. | 388, 389, 390 |
| Common variable immunodeficiency | A primary immune deficiency disorder characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, antibody deficiency, and recurrent infections. | 391, 392 |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; LETM, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; NMO-IgG, aquaporin-4-antibody; OCB, oligoclonal bands; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.