Table 2.

Virus-like particles produced by co-infection/co-expression of multiple viral structural proteins.

Virus name	Production strategy	Proteins expressed (promoter)	Reference
Enveloped VLPs
Parvovirus B19	Co-expression using a bicistronic baculovirus	[VP1 (p10), VP2 (polh)]	Brown et al. (1991)
	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	VP1 (polh), VP2 (polh)	Bansal et al. (1993); Kajigaya et al. (1991); Tsao et al. (1996) Kajigaya et al. (1991)
Blue tongue virus	Co-expression using a bicistronic baculovirus	[VP3 (polh), VP7 (polh)]	French and Roy (1990)
	Combined co-infection and co-expression with two baculoviruses	[VP2 (polh), VP5 (polh)], [VP3 (polh), VP7 (polh)]	French et al. (1990)
	Co-expression using quadruple-cistronic baculoviruses	[VP2 (polh), VP3 (p10), VP5 (polh) VP7 (p10)]	Belyaev and Roy (1993)
Chimeric BTV—epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus particles	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	EHDV VP3 (polh), BTV VP7 (polh)	Le Blois et al. (1991)
	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses and one bicistronic baculovirus	EHDV VP3 (polh), BTV VP7 (polh), [BTV VP2 (polh), BTV VP5 (polh)]	Le Blois et al. (1991)
Rotavirus	Co-infection using two monicistronic baculoviruses	VP2 (polh), VP6 (polh)	Labbe et al. (1991)
	Co-infection using three monocistronic baculoviruses	VP2 (polh), VP4 (polh), VP6 (polh)	Conner et al. (1996); Crawford et al. (1994); O'Neal et al. (1997)
	Co-infection using three monocistronic baculoviruses	VP2 (polh), VP6 (polh), VP7 (polh)	Conner et al. (1996); Crawford et al. (1994); O'Neal et al. (1997)
	Co-infection using four monocistronic baculoviruses	VP2 (polh), VP4 (polh), VP6 (polh), VP7 (polh)	Conner et al. (1996); Crawford et al. (1994); O'Neal et al. (1997)
Poliovirus	Co-expression from a single baculovirus with poliovirus coding region	VP0, VP1, VP3 (polh)	Urakawa et al. (1989)
	Co-infection using three monocistronic baculovirus	VP0 (polh), VP1(polh), VP3 (polh)	Brautigam et al. (1993)
	Co-infection using one monocistronic baculovirus and one bicistronic baculovirus	[VP0 (polh), VP3 (p10)], VP1 (polh)	Brautigam et al. (1993)
Enterovirus 71	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	P1 (polh), CD3 (p10) *note: VP0, VP1, VP3 were produced from the polyprotein (P1 gene product) through CD3 mediated-cleavage	Chung et al. (2006); Hu et al. (2003)
	Co-expression using a bicistronic baculovirus	[P1 (polh), CD3 (p10)] *note: VP0, VP1, VP3 were produced from the polyprotein (P1 gene product) through CD3 mediated-cleavage	Chung et al. (2006); Hu et al. (2003)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)	Co-expression using one bicistronic baculovirus	[L1 (polh), L2 (pSyn)]	Kirnbauer et al. (1993)
	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	L1 (polh), L2 (p10)	Volpers et al. (1994)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)	Co-infection using up to six monocistronic baculoviruses	VP23 (polh), VP5 (polh), VP21 & VP24 (polh), VP22a (polh), VP26 (polh), and VP19C (polh)	Tatman et al. (1994); Thomsen et al. (1994)
Marek's disease virus (MDV)	Co-infection using up to six monocistronic baculoviruses	MDV homologues of HSV proteins VP23 (polh), VP5 (polh), VP24–VP21 (polh), VP22a (polh), VP26 (polh), and VP19C (polh)	Kut and Rasschaert (2004)
Simian virus 40 (SV40)	Co-infection using three monocistronic viruses	VP1 (polh), VP2 (polh), VP3 (polh)	Inoue et al. (2008); Kosukegawa et al. (1996)
Adeno associated virus (AAV)	Co-infection using two monocistronic viruses	VP2 (polh), VP3 (polh)	Hoque et al. (1999)
Enveloped VLPs
Influenza	Co-expression using a quadruple recombinant baculovirus	[HA (polh), NA (p10), M1 (polh) and M2 (p10)]	Latham and Galarza (2001)
	Co-expression using a tricistronic baculovirus	[HA (polh), NA (polh), M1 (polh)]	Bright et al. (2007); Pushko et al., 2005, Pushko et al., 2007
	Co-infection using one monocistronic and one bicistronic baculovirus	[HA (polh), NA (p10)], M1 (polh)	Wen et al. (2009)
	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	HA (Pcap/polh), M1 (Pcap/polh)	Quan et al. (2007)
	Co-infection using three monocistronic baculoviruses	H5N1 HA (polh), NA (polh), M1 (polh)	Kang et al. (2009)
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	Gag (polh), Env (Pcap/polh) gene products	Kang and Compans (2003); Yamshchikov et al. (1995)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	Gag (polh) and protease (polh) gene products	Overton et al. (1989)
	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	Gag (polh), Env (polh) gene products	Deml et al. (1997); Wang et al. (2007)
	Co-expression using a bicistronic baculovirus	[Gag (polh), Env (p10) gene products]	Buonaguro et al., 2001, Buonaguro et al., 2006; Cruz et al. (2000)
	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	Gag (Pcap/polh), Env (Pcap/polh) gene products	Sailaja et al. (2007)
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	Gag (polh), gp85 (polh)	Thomsen et al. (1992)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)	Co-expression using a bicistronic baculovirus	[Core antigen (polh) and surface antigen (polh)]	Takehara et al. (1988).
SARS coronavirus	Co-infection using three monocistronic baculoviruses	Spike (polh), envelope (polh) and membrane (polh) proteins	Ho et al. (2004); Mortola and Roy (2004)
	Co-expression using a tricistronic baculovirus	[Spike (polh), envelope (polh) and membrane (polh) proteins]	Mortola and Roy (2004)
Ebolavirus	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	VP40 (Pcap/polh), GP (Pcap/polh)	Sun et al. (2009); Ye et al. (2006)
Hantaan virus	Co-infection using two monocistronic baculoviruses	Nucleocapsid protein (polh), [glycoproteins G1 and G2 (polh)]	Betenbaugh et al. (1995)

[] refers to those proteins produced from a single virus.

polh: polyhedrin promoter.

p10: p10 promoter.

Pcap/polh: hybrid capsid/polyhedrin promoter.