Abnormal motility |
Slow-transit constipation, irritable bowel syndrome |
Anatomic disorders |
Anal fissure, hemorrhoids, rectal polyps, rectocele, rectal stenosis, fistulas, colonic or rectal neoplasm |
Drugs |
Calcium, iron, opioids, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, antihistamines |
Neurologic |
Hirschsprung disease, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson disease |
Endocrine |
Hypothyroidism, pregnancy, hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus |
Psychosocial |
Depression, anxiety |
Systemic |
Scleroderma, amyloidosis, lupus |