Changes in alpha diversity over the disturbance experiment. Alpha diversity was assessed using operational taxonomic units (OTUs) clustered at 97% sequence identity, after 16S rRNA gene sequencing and rarefaction to 50 000 sequences per sample. (a) Changes in the observed no. OTUs (richness) in Control (gold, circles) and Disturbance (blue, squares and triangles) mesocosms over the thermal press (weeks 4–16). (b) Changes in richness in Control (gold circles), Disturbance (blue squares) and Disturbance + Immigration (pink triangles) mesocosms over the recovery period, weeks 20–45. The Disturbance + Immigration mesocosms received a dispersal event at week 17. (c) Changes in evenness over weeks 4–16. (d) Changes in evenness over weeks 20–45. Asterisks indicate significant differences by a Kruskal–Wallis test (n.s., not significant; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, with a Dunn correction for multiple comparisons in b and d).